Costing methods, variance analysis and continuous improvement

Costing methods, variance analysis and continuous improvement Costing Methods Assignment 1 – Cost Accounting DBSM703 – Business Financial Principles and Techniques 13 November 2014 Marginal Costing and Absorption Costing (Questions 12) Definition.Marginal Costing is a method for computing costs which takes into account only the varying costs involved in the manufacturing process. Absorption costing is a costing method which considers all costs involved in the production regardless of its nature whether it is variable or fixed cost. (Averkamp H. , 2014) Differences. The two methods can be distinguished from each other through several notable differences. First is through its cost concentration. Marginal costing is mainly concerned about variable costs while absorption costing considers all fixed and variable costs incurred by the organization through all its activities. Second, is through its use. Marginal costing is used by organizations to aid them in decision making and business planning. Through its detailed presentation of costs or expenses, companies will be able to carefully study its processes to help them identify areas for improvement and for total quality management. Absorption costing is used mainly for external financial and income tax reporting. It is also a tool for the organization in presenting the actual valuation concerning its overall operation (involves inventory, fixed and variable costs, etc.) to their investors. (Averkamp H. , 2014) Similarities. Both accounting system are effective in presenting the actual valuation of an organization with regards to its operation by avoiding manipulation and misdeclaration of profit or loss by the company. The two system are also similar through its treatment of manufacturing and non-manufacturing costs. 3. Three Major Influences in Pricing Decision Customer Demand. Demand is very important in all the major business activities of the company from the sourcing of raw materials, product design and manufacturing. For example, there is a very high demand from customers for high quality performance cars. For car manufacturing companies, this demand would entail sourcing high quality materials, and more comprehensive production and testing process to ensure product quality which would also lead to higher prices. However, it is very important that despite of the rise in production expenses, companies should work their best not to price their product above the market for them to remain competitive. To be able to do that, companies need to regularly conduct market research, surveys, marketing and advance business planning to help the company design its manufacturing process that will enable them to provide quality products at a reasonable price. (Hilton) Costs. In most cases, companies price their product based on its production costs. For example, in the manufacturing of high-quality performance cars, the main determinant of price would be the amount of cost incurred in its production per unit. Again, to remain competitive and ensure profitability, the company should determine how much markup they are going to charge on top of the production cost and in consideration of other indirect costs involved (holding costs, marketing and other expenses). (Hilton) Actions of Competitors. To remain competitive, the company should always be on the lookout on its competitors activities. In the example given above, if a competitor lowers down the price of its high-quality performance car, it is very important that the company do the same to avoid the risk of losing its share in the market. However, the company should exercise caution in following the actions initiated by its competitors. In this aspect, it is very important for the company to define its product and highlight its strong points (technology and materials used, technical specifications, safety features, etc.) to distinguish their product from that of their competitors thus providing them certain leverage to justify their pricing. (Hilton) Political, legal and reputation. Legal factor affect the pricing of commodities because of the need for companies to submit to the requirements of the law. Some business laws were crafted to prevent companies from colluding among themselves to manipulate prices and take advantage of consumers. Examples are the Oil Deregulation Law to prevent forming of cartels by petroleum companies and the Anti-trust Law to regulate competition and prevent monopoly. Political landscape in a country where the business operates also directly affects the pricing of goods and services. For example, in New Zealand due to the pressure brought by the extensive lobbying of rights group, environmental and health activists the government was forced to legislate and pass a bill that would impose higher taxes on tobacco and alcohol products resulting to steeper prices of the said commodities. Reputation also affect product pricing especially to those companies who have already established a solid reputation for producing quality and high performance products. Companies like Apple normally set a higher price whenever they launch a new product to the market regardless of competition. (Hilton) 4. Cost Object Cost object is an accounting term used to refer to any item or product that has a cost of its own. The term may be used for items whose cost can be calculated through estimates, direct measurement or market valuation. (Schmidt, 2014) Examples of cost object includes: Services – Car maintenance or repair service that has a specific cost for every service done. Product – A bicycle. The cost for its development, design and production can be measured directly. Projects – A construction project with a specified cost for infrastructure design and implementation. Departments – Marketing Department for which the cost of all its activities like promos and advertisement is specified. (Schmidt, 2014) 5. Direct and Indirect Cost Definition. Direct Cost are costs that can be easily linked to a cost object. Indirect Cost are costs that are related but cannot be easily and accurately linked to the cost object eventhough the cost is incurred in producing the product. (Jan, 2013) There are several factors affecting the classification of costs. They are Materiality, Function and Information Gathering Technology. Materiality. The classification of costs as direct or indirect depends on the contribution, relevance, impact and actual value of the cost to the end product. The greater the cost, the easier it is to establish the link to the final product. (eFinanceManagement.com, 2014) Function. Another factor that affects the classification of costs is on how the cost was used in relation to the major business activities of the company like in research and development, production, distribution, selling and administration. (Vivekanand, 2014) Information gathering technology. The continuous advancement in information technology paved the way for the development of software application that helps company easily trace costs. Nowadays, big companies emphasize the importance of information management and reporting system as an effective method that enables them to properly trace the smallest of costs. (eFinanceManagement.com, 2014) Opportunity Cost Opportunity cost is the income or value that a company or person gives up in favor of one particular decision. (InvestingAnswers.com, 2014) For example, in the morning you have two choices to help you kickstart your day. One is to drink cup of coffee or to eat an apple. For you both has its benefits, coffee for your caffeine needs and apple as a healthy alternative. You choose coffee over apple. By choosing coffee, the benefit to your health that you can get by eating the apple becomes your opportunity cost. To avoid what economists says as â€Å"decision making pitfalls†, it is very important for managers to take into consideration opportunity cost or do a simple cost-benefit analysis in order for them to arrive at an intelligent decision. (UKEssays.com, 2014) Opportunity cost is also very important in helping companies evaluate their decisions for future considerations especially when the alternative decision they give up turns out to be the better option. (InvestingAnswers.com, 2014) Management By Exception And Variance Analysis Management by exception is a management style that focuses on the areas of the organization whose plans are not working according to expectation. The goal is to provide immediate attention to the problem by concentrating company resources like time, money and effort to help them strategically address the issue or problem. (BusinessDictionary.com) Most companies were able to identify specific areas in their business that are not working according to plan with the help of variance analysis. Variance analysis is a method used by organizations in determining the difference between the standard cost and the actual cost. The higher the variance between the standard and actual cost means that an area in an organization is not performing as planned. (Ahmed, 2014) Standard Costing and Its Importance in Planning and Control Standard Cost refers to the cost determined by the management based on available information concerning direct labor, materials and manufacturing overhead. This cost would serve as the benchmark for the company’s spending in relation to its actual business operation. Standard costing is very important because it helps management in setting their budget, better understand the expenses that would concern their operation, and most of all for determining its projected income. During actual operation, standard costing provides an avenue for feedback to the management in cases where variances arise between the standard and actual cost. It allows them to immediately focus their attention in areas where there are large deviations in actual cost against the standard cost to help keep the operation on track and as planned. (Averkamp H. , 2014) Variance Analysis and Continuous Improvement Variance analysis provides information that helps management measure the actual performance of different areas in their organization against expectation. (AC >SC = Unfavorable Variance; AC Job Costing vs. Process Costing Job Costing is a costing method being used by companies producing unique products where the cost is measured depending on the production requirements (Materials, Labor, etc.) of each product or unit produced. Process Costing is an accounting method used by companies involved in mass production of identical products and using an established or fixed manufacturing process where unit cost can be calculated by dividing the total cost with the total quantity produced. (Heisinger Hoyle, 2014) The following are the differences between process costing and job costing: Application. Process costing determines the cost of the total number of units produced by batch. Job costing is used to determine the cost of every product or unit produced. Product Cost. In process costing costs are assigned to the process while in job costing costs are assigned to jobs. Time Frame. Process costing has a period for which costs are accumulated while job costing has no time frame. In job costing, costs are computed after each job is completed. Unit Cost Information. In process costing, units cost is derived based on the production cost report (Total Cost (VariableFixed)/ Total No. of Units Produced = Unit Cost). In job costing, unit cost is determined based on the total cost of the job per unit. (Accountlearning.blogspot.co.nz, 2014) (Heisinger Hoyle, 2014) Job Cost Sheet *$978.00/200 Units = $4.89 per unit Process Costing 40,000/5000bottles = $8.00 / bottle SMK Pharmaceutical production cost for April 13. Responsibility Centre A responsibility centre is a unit in an organization tasked with a specific set of duties to help the organization effectively exercise control over their business and to help them achieve both their long term and short term goal. Usually there are four responsibility center in every organization (Cost Center, Profit Center, Revenue Center and Investment Center). Each center is headed by a manager. (Barnat, 2014) Cost Center. A cost centre is responsible for managing costs. There are two type of cost under cost centre. They are Engineered Cost and Discretionary Cost Centre. Engineered costs are those cost that can easily be linked with the cost centre (direct labor, direct materials and manufacturing overhead). Discretionary costs are costs that are allocated by the management on a discretionary basis (administrative cost, research and development, allowances, etc.). (Barnat, 2014) Profit Centre. The profit centres are like independent businesses within the organization. They are given autonomy in managing their own affairs from the strategic balancing of sales and expenses up to performing a more detailed management function like helping maintain quality, measuring employee’s productivity against wage, managing overhead expenses and everything that they can control within their unit. (Barnat, 2014) Revenue Centre. The sole responsibility of revenue centre is to generate revenue for the company through sales of goods or services. Most organizations set periodic sales target (daily, weekly, monthly, etc.) that whether surpassed or missed serve as an indicator of the performance of the unit manager or the revenue centre. An example of revenue centres are the outlet shops by manufacturing companies. The main focus of these shops is to sell company products with little or no consideration at all on costs and marketing. (Wikipedia.org, 2014) Investment Centre. The responsibility of Investment centre is to generate returns of investment through effective asset management, increased sales performance and the proper management of cost and expenses. Bibliography Accountlearning.blogspot.co.nz. (2014). Retrieved November 12, 2014, from Accountlearning.blogspot.co.nz: http://accountlearning.blogspot.co.nz/2010/10/differences-between-process-costing-and.html eFinanceManagement.com. (2014). Retrieved November 9, 2014, from eFinanceManagement.com: http://www.efinancemanagement.com/costing/costing-terms/211-direct-and-indirect-costs InvestingAnswers.com. (2014). Retrieved November 9, 2014, from InvestingAnswers.com: http://www.investinganswers.com/financial-dictionary/stock-market/opportunity-co

Respect Essay

I have been told that I need to write a 1000 word essay on disrespecting a Non Commissioned Officer. But it is really hard to write about this because I am having a hard time wondering how I disrespected them. So, where do I start on this and what do I say about it. As far as this essay goes I am just going to write how I feel about respect and how respect works both ways. It is wrong to disrespect a Non Commissioned Officer because they are appointed above me to guide me to the right place and things to do. But it is really hard to respect someone when they do not respect you. Respect works both ways and if that person or leadership does not respect you trying to respect them is difficult. No matter what is said it is disrespect. For example:I am writing this because I was called about a meeting that my squad leader decided he wanted to spring on the squad after we were released for the day. When I asked the squad leader was the meeting about something that we could have discussed the next business day, he replied no, with a sly smirk on his face. As he began to talk it was clearly the same information that was put out at the end of business. I do not know how that was disrespect when it was the truth. In regards to this essay I am not sure what to say about disrespect other then it works both ways. They tell you to respect the rank not the person but when that person abuses the rank it is really hard to respect it. I think that in today’s United States Army no one respects anybody the way that they should be. They are too quick to say that you are disrespecting them and that they are just trying to make you better but they are disrespecting you in the processes. How can you work for someone or some place when all that they do is disrespect you and everything that you do no matter what it is? When I first came in the United States Army a Non Commissioned Officer would work with you on how to be a good soldier and actually sit with you and respect you on what you were doing if you did a good job and worked hard they didn’t try to beat you down to where you just give up on everything. I used to respect everyone that was above me because they cared about you as a person they respected you and helped you with the hard things that were thrown at you and made sure that you were good not just quick to demote them and kick them out of the United States Army. They had an interest in you as a person and if they had something to learn from you then they would respect you enough to ask for help and respect you enough to talk to you. Respect and disrespect is a hard topic because I am a strong believer in respect someone and you will receive respect back or treat someone the way that you want to be treated. The whole time that I have been back in the United States Army the Non Commissioned Officers that were above me were basically like new privates. They were new to the job and they didn’t know a lot about it. I know that I have been in the United States Army for only a short time and I am only a specialist, I have worked with someone above me disrespecting me not just as a soldier, but as a human being. I feel that leadership should stop turning what people say into disrespect it was not that way AT ALL. I was just asking a questioning and stating the obvious, not disrespecting that person. You know they always preach about disrespect but they do not give respect at all. So as far as this essay goes how do I write it to what they want because no matter what is said in here they will one way or another say it is disrespect or some other form of berating them. 1 Respect and disrespect is an important part of a soldier Non Commissioned Officer relationship and needs to be enforced upon not only the soldier but also the Non Commissioned Officer and Officers. I have had a really hard time in this company because I think that people just think that I am just disrespecting them instead of getting to know their soldiers and how their soldiers talk and phrase things. They are quick to just say HA you disrespected me. I have seen way worse disrespect then what I have ever done to anyone. In my eyes disrespect is if you just plainly say hell no or fuck off. I have never done that and yet they automatically think that if you are asking them why you are told to do something it is disrespect but in fact is not disrespect it is that the soldier is trying to learn from them. If I remember correctly the Non Commissioned Officer Creed states â€Å"Competence is my watchword. My two basic responsibilities will always be uppermost in my mind-accomplishment of my mission and the welfare of my soldiers. I will strive to remain tactically and technically proficient. I am aware of my role as a Noncommissioned Officer. I will fulfill my responsibilities inherent in that role. All soldiers are entitled to outstanding leadership; I will provide that leadership. I know my soldiers and I will always place their needs above my own. I will communicate consistently with my soldiers and never leave them uninformed. I will be fair and impartial when recommending both rewards and punishment. †But it seems that only a few of the Non Commissioned Officers respect the lower enlisted. Why should soldiers’ words get twisted and why is that NCO’s are not respecting the soldiers and their needs. We need to be respected that is one of the many needs of the soldiers of today. That is why a lot of soldiers act out against Non Commissioned Officers. Ok so disrespect is all on what that person thinks is being said to them not really how and what is being said. When someone makes a statement and the other person comments on it, it is not disrespect it is just informing them on what they think. How is that disrespecting them? There is also a little thing that Non Commissioned Officers should do and that is lead by example and not respecting a soldier is not leading by example it is showing that that what is good for the goose is good for the gander or do as I say and not as I do! 2

Maypole of Merrymount a Failed Attempt to Escape English...

Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Maypole of Merry Mount† still seems to follow the traditions and conventions of English Romanticism, despite having an American concept as its subject, in its use of several Romantic themes and figures. First among these themes is that of revelry and carelessness, as the Lord of May emphasizes: O, Edith, this is out golden time! Tarnish it not by any pensive shadow of mind; for it may be that nothing of futurity will be brighter than the mere remembrance of now passing. (Hawthorne, 1147) Another theme emphasized in the story is emotion, exhibited by the Lord and Lady of May. Reminiscent of many English Romantic poems, the idea of â€Å"love conquers all† is reflected on the thoughts, decisions and actions the†¦show more content†¦Such incorporation is also reminiscent of English Romanticism, especially ones that highlight fear as well as passion. Several Romantic works, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s â€Å"Lamia† and John Keats’ â€Å"La Belle Dame Sans Merci†, exhibit this. This, in turn, draws its roots from continental European Romanticism. But what was the wild throng that stood hand in hand about the Maypole? It could not be that the fauns and nymphs, when driven from their classic homes of ancient fable, had sought refuge, as all the persecuted did, in the fresh woods of the West. These were Gothic monsters, though perhaps of Grecian ancestry. (Hawthorne, 1145) This is further reinforced by Hawthorne’s emphasis on fear by using it as a theme on the story’s climax. In the story’s penultimate scene, where the revelry ends, Hawthorne establishes a gloomy and fearful ambiance. Yes, with the setting sun, the last day of mirth had passed from Merry Mount. The ring of gay masquers was disordered and broken; the stag lowered his antlers in dismay; the wolf grew weaker than a lamb; the bells of the morris-dancers tinkled with tremulous affright. (Hawthorne, 1149) This emphasis to various emotions, almost blurring the intellectual aspect of the text, is another characteristic of Romantic literature, not only of England, but of continental Europe as well. The whole text, instead of just

What You Need to Know About Prose

Prose is ordinary writing (both fiction and nonfiction) as distinguished from verse. Most essays, compositions, reports, articles, research papers, short stories, and journal entries are types of prose writings. In his book The Establishment of Modern English Prose (1998), Ian Robinson observed that the term prose is surprisingly hard to define. . . . We shall return to the sense there may be in the old joke that prose is not verse. In 1906, English philologist Henry Cecil Wyld  suggested that the best prose is never entirely remote in form from the best corresponding conversational style of the period (The Historical Study of the Mother Tongue). Etymology From the Latin, forward turn Observations I wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry: that is, prose words in their best order; poetry the best words in the best order.(Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Table Talk, July 12, 1827) Philosophy Teacher: All that is not prose is verse; and all that is not verse is prose.M. Jourdain: What? When I say: Nicole, bring me my slippers, and give me my night-cap, is that prose?Philosophy Teacher: Yes, sir.M. Jourdain: Good heavens! For more than 40 years I have been speaking prose without knowing it.(Molià ¨re, Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme, 1671) For me, a page of good prose is where one hears the rain and the noise of battle. It has the power to give grief or universality that lends it a youthful beauty.(John Cheever, on accepting the National Medal for Literature, 1982) Prose is when all the lines except the last go on to the end. Poetry is when some of them fall short of it.(Jeremy Bentham, quoted by M. St. J. Packe in The Life of John Stuart Mill, 1954) You campaign in poetry. You govern in prose.(Governor Mario Cuomo, New Republic, April 8, 1985) Transparency in Prose [O]ne can write nothing readable unless one constantly struggles to efface ones own personality. Good prose is like a window pane.(George Orwell, Why I Write, 1946)Our ideal prose, like our ideal typography, is transparent: if a reader doesnt notice it, if it provides a transparent window to the meaning, then the prose stylist has succeeded. But if your ideal prose is purely transparent, such transparency will be, by definition, hard to describe. You cant hit what you cant see. And what is transparent to you is often opaque to someone else. Such an ideal makes for a difficult pedagogy.(Richard Lanham, Analyzing Prose, 2nd ed. Continuum, 2003) Good Prose Prose is the ordinary form of spoken or written language: it fulfills innumerable functions, and it can attain many different kinds of excellence. A well-argued legal judgment, a lucid scientific paper, a readily grasped set of technical instructions all represent triumphs of prose after their fashion. And quantity tells. Inspired prose may be as rare as great poetry--though I am inclined to doubt even that; but good prose is unquestionably far more common than good poetry. It is something you can come across every day: in a letter, in a newspaper, almost anywhere.(John Gross, Introduction to The New Oxford Book of English Prose. Oxford Univ. Press, 1998) A Method of Prose Study Here is a method of prose study which I myself found the best critical practice I have ever had. A brilliant and courageous teacher whose lessons I enjoyed when I was a sixth-former trained me to study prose and verse critically not by setting down my comments but almost entirely by writing imitations of the style. Mere feeble imitation of the exact arrangement of words was not accepted; I had to produce passages that could be mistaken for the work of the author, that copied all the characteristics of the style but treated of some different subject. In order to do this at all it is necessary to make a very minute study of the style; I still think it was the best teaching I ever had. It has the added merit of giving an improved command of the English language and a greater variation in our own style.(Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose. Routledge Kegan Paul, 1954) Pronunciation: PROZ

Cell Biology Meiosis and Mitosis - 1435 Words

Cell Biology (CP8121) Experiment 2: Observing Mitosis and Meiosis on cell specimens (Formal report) Name: Wong Chung An Class: DMLS/FT/1B/02 Admin number: P1138687 Summary This experiment aims to observe mitosis and meiosis on cell specimens. It involves the modelling of the stages of meiosis and also the staining procedures to identify mitosis in onion root tip. There are two parts to the procedure of the experiment whereby the first is staining and observing mitosis in onion root tips and the second being observing and comparing mitosis between whitefish blastula and onion root tip. The results are that the five stages of mitosis have been observed and sketched, together with a comparison of telophase in plant and animal cells. The†¦show more content†¦2) This time, instead of sketching the different phases of mitosis in onion root tip, the differences in mitosis between the plant and animal cells were recorded. 4) Results and Discussion *For the results, refer to the datasheet archived under appendix at the end of the report. 5.1 Explanation and reasons for results The results of the datasheet have shown that all the five main phases of mitosis can be observed. This can because of several reasons such as the choice of use of onion root tips, flattening of the onion root tips, addition of hydrochloric acid and 0.5% Toluidine Blue solution. Onion root tips are easy to grow in large numbers and the cells at its tips are actively dividing, thus many of its cells will be in different stages of mitosis. The reason for using the last 1-3mm of the root tip is because it is where the region of cell division (meristem) is located. This is the region whereby cells are dividing but not significantly increasing in size. The flattening of the onion root tips allows the chromosomes of each individual cell to be observed. The hydrochloric acid added, plays a part in fragmenting the root tissues by weakening and removing the bonds between cells so that each cell will not be attached to the other cell, obstructing the observation. Toluidine Blue solution acts as a colorant, giving a blue colour to the chromosomes and so that it is more easily spottedShow MoreRelatedProcess Of Dividing Body Cells And Their Nuclei Essay1268 Words   |  6 PagesYahya Bello Homework 1 Mitosis: can be defined as the process of dividing body cells and their nuclei. The body continually produced new cells by splitting from the ones that has already existed. Meiosis: can be defined as a particular form of cell splitting that generates reproductive cells, such as sperm and egg cells, plant and fungal spores. Steps involves in Mitosis Mitosis consists of four basic phases and they include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Figure 1 shows theRead MoreMeiosis and Mitosis Essay example752 Words   |  4 PagesMitosis and meiosis are the means by which reproduction takes place. Mitosis creates an exact duplicate of cell so that old cells can be replaced, such as in skin, hair, and bones. Meiosis allows a cell to unite one half of its genetic makeup with a cell from another partner to create an entirely new organism. Mitosis Mitosis is the process by which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes. Mitosis is the process by which an organism creates new cells, suchRead MoreFunctions Of Mitosis And Meiosis1708 Words   |  7 PagesTopic Cells (A.C. 3.1) Mitosis and meiosis are both forms of the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and share some similarities, but also exhibit distinct differences that lead to very different outcomes (UK essays 2013; widmaier et al, 2014; Toole, 2015; Khan, 2016). 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The purposeRead MoreEssay about Lab 8, Mitosis and Meiosis894 Words   |  4 PagesShawn Lab 8 Title: Mitosis and Meiosis Exercise 1: Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells Questions: A.) What is the purpose of mitosis? The purpose of mitosis is to create or produce more cells for a living organism. Mitosis occurs when genetic substance in the nucleus divides or separates in order to create more cells. Cytokinesis normally occurs next and the single cell develops into two separate cells. This same process continues to occur over and over creating more cells for an organism replacingRead MoreRefwefe787 Words   |  4 Pages | | |[pic] | | |Biology Sem 2 (S2598061) | | \ | | | Read MoreMitosis Lab Report1157 Words   |  5 PagesReport: Nuclear and Cell Division. PART A: Stages of Mitosis in my own words. 1. Interphase: DNA has formed already, but it remains in the simple form of chromatin. Chromatins are structures that are loosely coiled in the cell.3 I also observed during my lab that this was the only stage where I could still see a nucleus and nucleolus intact within the cell; this is because it’s the only stage where the nuclear membrane has not broken apart yet to begin forming a new cell.3 2. Prophase: InRead MoreThe Cell Cycle, Genetic Variation, Mendelian Genetics, And Complex Genetic Inheritance917 Words   |  4 Pagesexplore the cell cycle, cancer, cancer, mitosis and meioses, genetic variation, Mendelian genetics, and complex genetic inheritance. Each area will be broken down in further detail, and the result should demonstrate the knowledge learned on the subjects. The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and

Consequences of Tattoos Free Essays

Acquiring tattoos without thinking of the consequences COM / 150 March 07, 2010 Michaela Roessner-Herman Tattoos: The 21st century status symbol. Individuals are crowding the tattoo shops to become part of this new wave crossing the country. This symbol admits them to the greatest show on earth. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequences of Tattoos or any similar topic only for you Order Now They become part of an elite group who has a sense of belonging and able to express their personalities without limits. Tattoos have been a part of history for hundred of years and cultures adopted tattooing for different symbolic meaning. In the Brief History of Tattoos and Body Arts (2007), some cultures tattoos symbolized strength, bravery, and spirituality while other cultures tattoos symbolized a form of punishments, outcast, and slavery. In today’s society, tattoos are simply body arts and a way of expression. Tattoos popularity is increasing among teens and young adults. Peer pressure is a cause for many young adults’ tattoos without thinking of the consequences this decision will have on their future. For some, a tattoo is a way of fitting in, feeling a sense of belonging and making a fashion statement. Reality shows, newspaper ads, TV ads and the Internet are all big influences regarding tattoos. These media sources depict tattoos as cool and creative status symbols. Athletes’ tattoos symbolize their strength, rappers’ their sense of accomplishment, Armed Forces for honor, actors, and actresses simply as body art. Other individuals’ tattoos represent personal meaning for a love one. Although tattoos can be nice, they carry negative connotations. Gang members’ tattoos are part of an initiation and show what gang they are with and prison inmates tattoos display membership to a certain groups as well as a part of a coding system. Even with the pain a person go through for a tattoo, he or she seldom think about the risks. Considered as cosmetics, the one thing tattoos have in common are health risks. Think before you Ink: Are Tattoos Safe? (2009), explains tattoo inks are not approved by the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) and many reports of bad reactions has started an investigation into tattoos safety. In Tattoos: Understanding risks and precautions (2010), when acquiring a tattoo; a tattoo artist uses a tattoo gun to apply color ink under the skin with needles. This process breaks the skin allowing bacteria to penetrate developing skin infections. Skin infections cause increasing redness, pain, swelling, and rashes. Tattoos are performed with needles increasing the development of other health risks such as Hepatitis, tuberculosis (TB), HIV and AIDS. A person who suffers from allergies can have an allergic reaction to the color ink (especially red dye that is non-hypoallergenic) that cause swelling, itching, hives, and with sever allergies, anaphylactic shock – a fatal systemic reaction. Health risks are not uncommon with tattoos. Many people frequent tattoo shops and have to depend on the shops employees to sterilize their equipments in effective and safe way. With of the popularity of tattoos, corporate America is beginning to see more tattoos in the workplace. Young adults with entry-level desire to work in corporate America faces judgment especially if the corporation fears employees’ tattoos will hurt their professional appearance. In some corporations with older executives, strict policies regarding visible tattoos are written in the company’s policy and enforced. Individuals with tattoos working in corporate America believes they are protected by the First Amendment rights to freedom of expression. This is not the case in the workplace. The article titled Body art in the workplace, confirms that â€Å"companies have a constitutional right to ban employees with tattoos. Companies can limit employees’ personal expression on the job as long as they do not impinge on their civil liberties. According to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), employers re allowed to impose dress codes and appearance policies as long as they do not discriminate or hinder a person’s race, color, religion, age, national origin, or gender. † KnowledgeHR International (2010). Body art in the workplace. Retrieved February 2010. People entering corporate America believe they can cover up their tattoos. This is true depending on the size of the tattoo and how many he or she has. All too often people allow their emotions to dictate the numb ers and size of their tattoos. Unfortunately, this choice connects them to the negative association that was once attached to bikers, gang members, and prison inmates. This bias assessment is a barrier to career advancement. Promotions’ overlooked because visible tattoos are unprofessional looking and during interviews denied employment. This type of prejudice has led many people regretting their tattoos. Individuals who regret their tattoo is causing the dermatology industry to rocket. This decision, in some cases, has become a barrier for employment and for others; the symbol that once had meaning no longer exist. One of the most regrettable tattoo people insist on receiving is the name of a boyfriend, girlfriend, wife, or husband. (Hudson, 2009). Tattoos are meant to be â€Å"forever† and there are times when relationships or marriages are over and the constant reminder of his or hers name inked in the skin presents an expensive problem. Depending on the size and the location of a tattoo, the removal can be costly and painful. Hudson (2010) states several options for tattoo removal to include Laser, Intense Pulsed Light Therapy (IPL), and do- it-yourself creams. The laser removal is the most common for tattoos removal. Considering the size of the tattoo and the ink colors, removal can take from one to 10 sessions with no guarantee of scarring; each session costing in the range of $250 – $850. Despite the expense and pain, people are willing to go through any lengths to have this process performed. Individuals have choices. With choices come consequences. Consequences can be in the form of a positive or negative outcome. When making a permanent choice, think about not only the moment; consider the future. How to cite Consequences of Tattoos, Papers

Developing Strategic Management -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Which leadership characteristic is should with hospitality industry, why? Compare type of leadership Give example. Answer: Leadership in the hospitality industry is critical to the success or failure of firms and organizations in this sector. Leadership can be defined as the sets of processes that influence individuals or groups to achieve a common purpose, goal or vision. Managers embody combinations of character traits that enable them to induce others to accomplish goals and targets within organizations. Leading and management is important in harnessing the synergies that are related in employee work engagement within an organization ( Cenki Ozcelik 2015, p. 11).The hospitality industry is primarily concerned with creating the ambience that provides comfort and relaxation to its patrons. This well-being of the customer can only be achieved under leadership that is transformational, incorporating the well-being of both the employees and the clients. Leadership styles Hospitality industry- hotels The core purpose of hotels is to provide patrons, travelers and customers with services and goods commercially for people who are far from their homes. These include shelter, refreshment and food which they could have enjoyed while in their homes. The hotel industry focuses on service to the customer and their satisfaction. The industry relies on the leisure time and disposable incomes of its customers as the driver of growth and revenue. Hotels are classified according to the size, location, level of service ownership and number of rooms. Sturman, Corgel Verma (2011, p.257) state that market and location are also used to classify the different hotels such as airport hotels, business hotels and suite hotels. Leadership and management within the hotel industry should ideally work in an equilibrium that is perfect (Oliver 2017).Leadership and direction works on two levels: management leadership and visionary leadership by the owners or principal investors. The style of leading then permeates to the entire hotel chain or brand and is seen in the distinct services and organizational culture of the hotel. The leadership within the hotel industry is tasked with setting the organizational purpose and vision, which is then institutionalized as organizational values. These values are important when providing service and also contribute to employee job satisfaction. For the hospitality industry, the autocratic and democratic styles may be applicable as it requires some measure of control and flexibility, which the two styles of leading provide. Leadership characteristics in the hospitality industry Vision-Vision is one amongst five key characteristics of leadership that are espoused within the hospitality industry (Michigan State University 2017). Vision acts as the roadmap that charts the way forward for firms involved in the hospitality industry. The vision that is posited will affect the organization corporately and the individual employees. The leader should be able to clearly see the strategic vision in the future and entrust it to the management team working with them. This is then shared across the organization and made operational at the functional level throughout the organization. Trust is essential between the vision bearer and the team tasked with implementation. Innovation-Innovation requires the leader to be a learner in order to be innovative (Robinson 2016). Reading is an important aspect that should be embraced by the leader in order to keep abreast with latest industry trends. The culture of reading also serves to improve leadership skills as a way of self-development (Soupios Mourdoukoutas 2015, p.9). The leader should also be a risk-taker when innovating new products and services within the hospitality industry (Michigan State University 2017).Risks taken call for an analysis of individual weaknesses and strengths and stepping out of the comfort zone. Failures encountered when innovating change should serve as inputs for consideration that can fast track future improvements. Inspiration- Inspiration is an important characteristic that serves to bring out the best in the associates and employees working in the hospitality industry (Michigan State University 2017). The inspiration begins with sharing the vision and enabling others to implement it. Resources necessary to implement it should be availed while the leader should be the model that inspires others to productivity. Leadership by example that allows for others to make mistakes and learn is critical in inspiring others to excellence. Building confidence in the ability of other people empowers the employees to aspire for excellence and success as personal standard. Oliver (2017, p. 36) propounds that inspired followers are generally more productive, motivated and achieve set goals and objectives. Strategic Management- The strategic management should within the parameters of having distinctive competencies, scope and resource deployment. The distinctive competency is obtained through impacting relevant industry knowledge and skills to employees (Griffin 2017). This helps to distinguish the facility as a unique brand over its competitor. Scope involves the specific market in which the facility will compete and specialize such as hotels or hostels. Resource deployment allocates resources in areas such as improved technology and less on human resources. An example is the strategic plan to expand into new markets such as China and making long-term projections that cover five to ten years. Managing and motivation- Management should motivate the employees through extrinsic and intrinsic factors according to the Herzberg two-factor theory (Nelson Quick 2011, p.160). The extrinsic factors include the status and job security of the employee, the salary being earned and fringe benefits such as bonuses paid for exemplary performance. Well paid employees who feel secure about their jobs will perform better than those who are underpaid and do not have job security. The intrinsic factors such as the potential for career growth and recognition for promotion at work will affect the levels of motivation of the employee. Emotional intelligence inculcated within employees will help them to develop positive job attitudes such as organizational commitment. An example is a sales accountant who is employed on a fixed contract which is renewable and is paid bonuses on sales targets met. Such an employee will be highly involved in their job and may exceed normal expectations. Organizing and Controlling- The leadership within the hospitality industry should have clear lines of authority that spell out the responsibility of each employee. This ensures that standards within the industry, in terms of respect to quality, quantity and performance are maintained. The organizational design should preferably be tall with narrow spans of control. This aims to delegate authority to the employees and encourage their participation in the decision making process (Griffin 2017). An example is the concierge of a hotel and how they receive hotel clients. Their interaction should be standardized according to industry standards and should not deviate from the set procedures. Organizing and control also extends to job rotation, enlargement and enrichment in order to widen the skills of the employees within a framework of the chain of command within the facility such as a hotel. Choose and compare leadership styles Transformational leadership-The two most commonly practiced styles of leadership are the transformational and transactional styles of leadership. The preferred leadership that facilitates the greatest well-being for the employee and the customer is the transformational style of leading. The key aspects of the transformational leadership include; recognizing and encouraging the ability of other workers, shaping vision which is then shared, sharing success, determination and placing the needs of others above the leader (Khan Nawaz 2016). The transformational leader seeks to fuse together their aspirations with those of their followers. Morality is given significance when setting out to achieve objectives and goals. Transformational leadership positively impacts the most common causes of stress in the hospitality industry: workload, concerns about career, stress arising because of roles, schedules, content and control of the work assigned. Transformational leadership within the industry has been shown to have greater subordinate satisfaction arising out of trusting the leader (Sudha, Shahnawaz Farhat 2016, p. 112). Performance is higher when the transformational leadership style is employed in the hospitality industry. Work is given meaning by infusing commitment with moral purpose, which translates into well-being for the followers. The critical dimensions that set apart this style of leadership are inspiring motivation, influence which is idealized, intellectual stimulation and consideration at the individual level. Transactional leadership- The transactional leadership works through clearly set out structures which set out goals and rewards (Gandolfi Stone 2017, p.24). Penalties and punishments are implicitly understood even when they are not explicitly mentioned. The assumptions underlying this style are that people are motivated by systems of punishment and reward. The other assumption is that structures of leadership work through a clear command chain. The leader gives rewards when targets are met and only intervenes when problems arise. A good example is the giving of bonuses when sales targets are met while intervening when there are customer complaints. Transactional leadership is dominated by the manager while the employee is dominant in the transformational style. Example in the industry- Ritz Carlton The style of leadership at the Ritz Carlton is transformational that is based on ladies and gentlemen serving other ladies and gentlemen. The management delegates authority to the employees that allows for discretionary service in the hotel. Every staff member is allowed to spend to a maximum of $2000 on a guest (Reiss 2009). This concept is to allow the staff to create a memorable stay for the hotel clients. This shows the leadership works with trust in the subordinates that should be to inspire excellence in customer service. Leadership defines and reinforces the appropriate norm of service which the hotel employees can then emulate. This is achieved with their traditional line-up where employees are inspired daily before beginning work. Conclusion The transformational style of leadership is important in the hospitality industry due to several reasons. Behavior that is modeled by the leader wins respect and can then be emulated in the hospitality industry. Time spent working with colleagues allows for reinforcement of cultural values with the employees. Stories that are told by the leader help the organizational culture to come alive. Vision is inspired when there is trust while employees are allowed to challenge the process in order to improve it. New opportunities for collaboration are then identified when the process is challenged. Transformational leadership is therefore important in the hospitality industry in linking managers as the leaders and the staff following them. References Cenkci, AT, zelik, G, 2015, 'Leadership Styles and Subordinate Work Engagement: The Moderating Impact of Leader Gender', Global Business Management Research, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 8-20. Gandolfi, F, Stone, S, 2017, 'The Emergence of Leadership Styles: A Clarified Categorization', Review of International Comparative Management / Revista de Management Comparat International, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 18-30. Griffin, R. W, 2017, Management. Boston, Cengage Learning. Khan, I, Nawaz, A, 2016, 'The Leadership styles and the employees performance: A Review', Gomal University Journal of Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 144-150. Michigan State University, 2017, 5 Essentials of hospitality leadership, viewed 12 August 2017, https://www.michiganstateuniversityonline.com/resources/hospitality/the-5-essentials-of-hospitality-leadership/#.WY7XUFWg_IV Nagendra, A, Farooqui, S, 2016, 'Role of leadership style on organizational performance', CLEAR International Journal of Research in Commerce Management, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 65-67. Nelson, D. L., Quick, J. C, 2011, Organizational behavior: science, the real world, and you. Mason, OH, USA, South-Western Cengage Learning. Oliver, M, 2017, 'Leader Or Manager?', Leadership Excellence Essentials, 34, 4, p. 36, Advanced Placement Source, EBSCOhost, viewed 12 August 2017. Reiss, R, 2009, How Ritz-Carlton stays at the top, viewed 12 August 2017, https://www.forbes.com/2009/10/30/simon-cooper-ritz-leadership-ceonetwork-hotels.html Robinson, JL, 2016, 'Connecting Leadership and Learning: Do Versatile Learners Make Connective Leaders?',Higher Learning Research Communications, vol. 6, no. 1. Soupios, MA, Mourdoukoutas, P, 2015, The Ten Golden Rules of Leadership : Classical Wisdom for Modern Leaders, AMACOM, New York. Sturman, M. C., Corgel, J. B., Verma, R, 2011,The Cornell School of Hotel Administration on Hospitality: cutting edge thinking and practice, Hoboken, N.J., John Wiley Sons. Sudha, KS, Shahnawaz, MG, Farhat, A, 2016, 'Leadership Styles, Leaders Effectiveness and Well-being: Exploring Collective Efficacy as a Mediator', Vision (09722629), vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 111-120. Available from: 10.1177/0972262916637260. [12 August 2017].