Do Humans Cells have rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Do Humans Cells have rights - Essay Example By studying the four theories namely Social contract theory, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics, one is able to understand the difference in the moral theories and the premises that they are founded on. Explain What Moral Goodness Is According To Social Contract Theory Social contract theory expresses that morality is a set of rules governing behavior that rational people would accept, on the condition that others would accept them as well. Political theorists have defined this as the primary base for the rise of political authority in many communities. Social contract theory is also how an act is classified as morally good or otherwise through consent from the people (Skyrms 59). Interpret What Social Contract Theory Would Imply For The Issue At Hand. The rights of the human cells can only be established or denied by the society. This is by the voting in of laws that may allow the rights of the human cells. This is made through consent of the people and this consent is wha t makes it right for a researcher to use the human embryos for research. This leads to the argument that the human embryo should be given a chance to life as opposed to the right to life. Explain What Moral Goodness Is According To Utilitarianism John mills the modern father of utilitarianism has explained that the moral goodness of the theory lies not solely in the pursuit of happiness but in the prevention and mitigation of unhappiness. Ultimately the moral goodness of an action is determined by the long-term effect tit will have on the actor and the people it will affect. An example of a situation where the utilitarian theory maybe employed would be in the cases of a doctor who has a patient in perfect health and considers killing him, since there are six other patients who would benefit greatly from his body organs. By employing the utilitarian theory, it suffices to say that since Patient A may never find the cure for AIDS. It therefore brings the ultimate pleasure to give six patients a happy life from patient A’s organs because this is the most pleasure attainable from the death of patient A. The pain caused is the least, as only one family shall be affected by his death. However, such an application of the theory may make people lose confidence in the health care system and health practitioners since they will be afraid of going for treatments for ailments they may have. This act of killing patient A therefore has a ripple effect of causing the death o of more people as they stay at home ill, with fear of being killed at the hospitals. Interpret What Utilitarianism Would Imply For The Issue At Hand. According to the utilitarian theory, the human cells have no rights especially if the findings gotten from the research serve to bring more pleasure through the further understanding of the genetic components of the human body. This pleasure may translate to better drugs for the human race or better prevention measures. Explain What Moral Goodness Is According To Deontology Moral goodness has been explained by deontologists as the choices made in conformity to a particular norm. According to the theory, which is mostly explained in contrast to consequentialism, the choice a person makes is judged by criteria unlike in consequentialism where the morality of a choice is judged on the state of affairs it brings about and if they are for the good of all other individuals. The deontology theories may be classified into two

Philosophy - epistemology Essay Example for Free

Philosophy epistemology Essay Descartes is very successful philosophers in 17th century. Rene Descartes is widely accepted as the father of modern philosophy. He tried to create fundamental philosophy for natural sciences. Descartes mainly focus on his philosophical contributions in the theory of knowledge and his famous work focus on the epistemological project, Meditations on First Philosophy. He wants to explain his thought in Meditations on First Philosophy which is as original in philosophical modus as in content. Meditations on First Philosophy examine Descartes’ arguments and opinion. Although there are 6 meditations in this book, this paper points out the search for a foundation of knowledge (the question of truth) and doubt the â€Å"Cogito† (I think; therefore I am). First of all, in the First Meditation, Descartes demonstrates that several arguments for doubting all of his previously basic beliefs. Everything that he thought is the doubt. He has started to doubt from everything and he wanted to find the question of truth with own ideas. Descartes defines knowledge in terms of doubt and he aims ‘to reach certain’. At the same time, we have to use five senses but Descartes believes the senses sometimes deceive us concerning things. Also Descartes is often convinced when he is dreaming that he is sensing real objects. For instance, he said that â€Å"There is the fact that I am here, seated by the fire, and attired in a dressing gown, having this paper in my hands and other similar matters. And how could I deny that these hands and this body are mine (†¦)† (146). Descartes believes that we can achieve certain truth when we will doubt everything. Descartes uses some question to help prove one of his main arguments and ideas to find truth. For example, how we know certain, what is true, what we see, what we hear? As we can see, according to Descartes, the senses are not enough to decide what is real. He believes the truth is in his mind and he must use his mind. Descartes’ Second Meditation discusses some parts. First part explain that how a body can understand things, such as objects. Descartes examined how the mind should know better that human body. Although we need senses for everything, the mind is more important because all knowledge accumulate in our mind. Second part includes Descartes opinion about thinking. According to Descartes, thinking is very significant point because thinking is the ability to doubt, use imagination and reach certain truth. His famous theory is â€Å"Cogito Ergo Sum† which called ‘I think, therefore I am’. Descartes said that, â€Å"I don’t yet know clearly enough what I am. † (151) It means that, sometimes he has convinced himself that there is absolutely nothing in the world such as no sky, no earth also no mind no body. Descartes believes that if people convinced themselves of something then they existed. To conclude, we can infer that Descartes defend the certain truth is our knowledge and thought. These meditations are considered about modern philosophy. At the same time, Descartes wants to create gripping subject to study science.

Contemporary Hospitality Industry Assignment Tourism Essay

Contemporary Hospitality Industry Assignment Tourism Essay The main aim of this report is to provide a brief description of the hospitality industry in UK along with its size, scope and diversity in order to convince the panel of potential investors to invest in the hospitality industry.My management consultancy firm was asked to produce a formal report focussing on the foreign business people to help them to decide whether to invest or not in particular sector of the industry for the coming London 2012 Olympic games.It will provide them a brief description of different ownership styles, management styles as well as organisational structure of several different sectors of the hospitality industry.Moreover, it will also provide the detail analysis of current trends, issues and recent developments within the industry.There are different sectors in the hospitality industry like hotels, restaurants, clubs and bars, contract catering, casinos etc.The particular sector that I am going to focus is the accommodation sector i.e. hotel and I am presen ting the ideas that i have generated while doing the research. Hospitality industry is a very broad industry.It is not always easy to define the hospitality industry.There are different criteria of defining it.One of the way of defining hospitality industry is by using Standard Industrial Classification(SIC) which was founded in United Kingdom in 1948.It defined the hospitality industry under the 1968 classification, as Establishments (whether or not licensed for the sale of intoxicating liquors)providing meals, light refreshments, drink or accommodation. (jones, 2002).Hospitality industry is defined as hotel, motels, inns or such businesses that provides transitional or short-term lodging, with or without food.(Businessdictionary.com). Both definition suggests that hospitality industry is the industry which provide food and accommodation to the guest.Hospitality industry is made up of two distinct services- provision of overnight accommodation for people staying away from home, and the provision of sustenance for people eating away from home or not preparing their own meals. (jones, 2002). British Hospitality: Trends Developments 2010 which was published today has revealed that, despite the recession, the UK hotel industry is continuing to expand, with over 10,400 rooms opening in 2010 and a further 43,000 planned for the period 2011-2015.(British Hospitality Association,14/11/2010).The hotel industry is flourishing every year.Moreover, the tourist coming to the UK especially London is never stopping.The amount spent by overseas visitors to the UK rose by 15.9% during July 2010   to  £1.96b, compared with  £1.69b during the same month of 2009, according to the Governments latest Overseas Travel and Tourism figures. The number of overseas visits to the UK increased by 4.9% to 3.24 million during this period, compared with 3.1 million in July 2010.(Caterersearch.com).By looking at the figures above we can say that it is secure and safe to invest in the hotel industry. There are various sectors in the accommodation where businessman can invest.They can invest in different types of chain hotels, business and conference hotel,budget hotels, boutique hotels, motels,lodges etc.They can invest in the existing property or build up hotels by themselves.If they invest in chain and popular hotels they may save the time and money for the advertisements and promotions.Budget hotels are also getting popular nowadays because of the low disposable income.People want to spend less money and get good facilities and service.Moreover, they can also construct a new hotel by themselves where they can be the sole owner and can have control over the profit and loss of the business.Business people can also buy the franchising license or do the management contracting. Scale, scope and diversity The hospitality is one of the largest and fastest growing industry in the world. There are just over 46,000 hotels and guest houses in the UK, and the hotel industry remains a significant sector of the economy, with an annual turnover of around  £40billion (Trends Statistics, 2008, British Hospitality Association). According to the British Hospitality Association, the industry is made up of about 127,000 properties and employs a workforce of 1.6 million people.It is very large and diverse industry.It is the third largest company that provides employment. The scope of the UK hospitality industry is very big.There are different commercial sector like hotels, restaurants, fast food outlets, takeaways, motels, hostels, pubs, clubs etc whereas the welfare sector like educational institutions, halls of residence, hospitals, old age homes, prisons etc.Many tourists are coming to the country every year as the london is popular city around the world.We can find many big hotels in london in order to accommodate large no. of tourists every night.Therefore large no. of workforce is required in order to run such hotels which creates millions of jobs. The hospitality industry is very diverse due to the innovation, ownership, classification and grading system, level of service, leisure facilities, future trends etc.There are different types of hotel which provide standard services to the guest.The hotel now not only provide the food and accommodation but also provides facilities like internet, gymnasium, swimming pool, sauna bath, jacuzzi, night clubs, shops, hair and beauty salons, laundry, car parking, conference and meeting rooms etc.The ownership and classification of hotel grading system also make it diverse.There are different type of ownership and management style like sole owner, partnership, public limited company and private limited company.The grading system of hotel by rating with stars from 1 to 5 level according to the level of service they provide to their guest. Food service is also one of the important facilities provided by the hotel.The facilities provided by the hotel depends upon the type of the hotel.There are one or many restaurants in a hotel.The restaurant provide different type of facilities like ala carte menu, buffet service, bar menu, catered service, room service etc.Nowadays we can usually find a restaurant in every hotel.Thus, food service is one of the important sector of the hotel industry. Another important sector of the hotel industry is entertainment.Different types of guest come to the hotel some of them are business people, leisure guest, holiday makers etc.Leisure guest and holiday makers are travelling fully for the purpose of entertainment.They want to utilise their holidays and enjoy a lot.Therefore, the hotel should provide entertainment facilities like night clubs, bars, themed parties, casinos, swimming pools, sauna and jacuzzi, sports facilities etc.They should arrange the indoor activities so that the guest dont need to go outside searching such facilities. Organisational Structure Organistaional structure is the relationhsip between the people and different departments of an organisation.Different organisations have different organisational structure.Some organisations have tall structure whereas some have flat structures.Tall organisational structure is in mainly found in large organisations such as hotels which consists of different levels of staff from the managers to the workers whereas the flat organisational structure do not have many level of staff.For e.g. in a flat stucture of a restaurant an owner can be the manager and the chef as well.The organisation is divided in two different parts front of the house and the back of the house.Front of the house are the departments like food and beverage, accommodation, conference and banqueting etc whereas back of the house are the departments like finance , food preparation areas, and the areas not seen by the guest. In the accommodation sector you can find different types of ownership and the structure.Mostly two types of ownership are popular in the hospitality industry.They are sole ownership or the franchised.Sole ownership means opening hotel by yourself without taking any financial help from other except loans.The advantage of this type of organisation is that the owner have sole access to the profit and can make the hotel according to his ideas and concepts whereas the disadvantage is that you have to bear all the lossess of the business and may not have full support as those of chain hotels.In this type of ownership the owner will have direct control over the business. The hotel can be chain hotel or franchised and it can also be the partnership or limited companies.You can directly own a hotel in the chain or can get it be franchised.You can invest in a chain hotel where you can be a part of renowned chain whereas in franchise system of ownership you need to pay the franchisor a royalty fee in order to operate the business.In this type of ownership one can save the expense of marketing and promotions as it is already well known by the public.Moreover you will be also less affected by ups and downs in the business as you are part of a chain. Both of the above mentioned ownership and management style is popular in the hotel industry.The solely owned hotel should be more promoted in the market as everybody do not know more about the hotel.They should try to be unique by offering wide range and standard services so that guest would be lured to come back again and refer it to other guests.On the other hand the chain hotel should try to maintain their standards as compared to the other chain hotels so that the guest would feel the same standard of service like in any other chain hotel. Contemporary issues The hospitality industry is facing many contemporary issues in todays world.There are lot of managerial and operational issue in the hospitality industry.Some of the operating issues are standard operating procedure, food and safety, employee expectations, flexible working, socio- cultural issues, recruitment and retention, e-commerce etc whereas the managerial issue are key players in the hospitality industry, international aspects, marketing considerations, education and training providers, media issues etc. One of the important managerial issue in the accommodation sector is to identify the key players in the industry.There are lot of big brands who are leading in the market.So, you need to identify who are the key players and see how they manage their organisation in order to achieve their goals and objectives.Therefore, in order to remain competitive with such organisations you need to focus on the marketing strategy and providing good service to the guest.You should monitor the things happening around the organisation and should manage the staff properly in order to increase the level of output.Todays world is filled with competition so in order to be in the line you should try to focus on the staff management because if the staff is happy then only the organisation can achieve their goal.The guest judge the hotel by the level of service they provide and the facilities they offer so it is very important to provide quality of service to the guest. The operational issue should also be taken into consideration in order to have an effective organisation.One of the most important operational issue in the accommodation sector is employee expectations.Staff are the person responsible for the smooth operations of an organisation.Employee has lots of expectations from the management.They expect to receive their performance appraisal from their manager, to get trainings for their career development and growth, flexible working hours, good communication etc.They also want to have promotions and recognition for their hard work.So, it is an important contemporary issue.Therefore, for an organisation to be successful need to address the employee expectations. Another important operational issue in the accommodation sector is standard operating procedure. A standard operating procedure is a company wide formalised structure to handle specific operational activities. (operating procedure from ibis) .It helps to improve the quality and the speed of a particular operational procedure.For example booking of hotels can be done through internet.It will be easy for the guest to book the room on internet.They dont need to waste their time by calling the hotel and asking the receptionist for all the details.It is will be also easy for them if they need to make any changes for their booking.Moreover, the receptionist also can utilise their time by doing other important work instead of handling the telephone calls. Changes in last 20 years There have been tremenduous change in the accommodation sector in last 20 years.People have started spending more money in leisure travel and holidays.The innovation of budget airlines was also the main cause of people travelling from one place to another.Moreover, the budget hotel also came into existence which provided facilities to the guest in cheaper rate.So, people started to spent more money in the hospitality industry as a result of which it flourished significantly.The e-commerce was also introduced where people can book the hotel rooms through internet and make any changes in their bookings.They could find the information of the hotels and can choose the appropriate one.There was also the growth of large chain hotels and hospitality companies all across the world.There was emergence of quick service restaurants and the contract caterers such as garner merchant and compass.Moreover the big companies continue to become even larger through merger and acquisition.These all fact ors contributed to the significant changes in the hospitality industry. Current trends There are various current trends present in the accommodation sector.People have been much conscious about their health as a result of which they are attracted to healthy eating or the organic food.Innovations in technlogy is also one of the current trends.Due to inventions of new technnologies the life of people have become easier.The term globalisation has also created an impact upon the hospitality industry where people are thinking in the term of expanding their business all around the world like Accor groups.They are opening their hotel branches in most of the countries.Not only accor most of the leading hospitality brands are expanding their business all around the world.Consumer spending is also one of the current trends.People are tending to spent more money as a disposable income.Making bookings through the website reservations is also the trend that contribute to flourish the hospitality industry.People can easily book the rooms in the hotels. The current trends has positiv e impact upon the hospitality industry. Conclusion The hospitality industry is composed of two factors.They are accommodation and sustenance.Accommodation is one of the important sector of the hospitality industry.Millions of tourists come to London every year.So thousands of rooms are required to accommodate such tourists.Therefore, it is price worthy to invest in the accommodation sector.Moreover, the 2010 olympics is also coming nearer which means large number of tourists will be coming to this place.As a result they need to build more hotels for the tourists.So the business people can invest in this sector which would be more fruitful.On the other hand there are various contemporary issues facing the accommodation sector.We need to address the operational and managerial issues as soon as possible for the smooth functioning of the organisation.

Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie Essays

Analysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia." Analysis of the Film, A Beautiful Mind Essay -- Film Movie Essays Analysis of the film "A Beautiful Mind" In the movie, "A Beautiful Mind", the main character, John Nash, is a mathematician who suffers from schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is actually the most chronic and disabling of the major mental illnesses and it distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, interprets reality and relates to others. The movie, "A Beautiful Mind", John Nash, who is played by Russell Crowe, is a true story about a mathematician whose life is horrific because of his disease, schizophrenia. He was an egocentric man who studied Mathematics in Princeton University. During the whole time that he studied in Princeton, he was trying to come up with his own original idea. He felt that by only finding an original idea he will be important, because he thought that attending class was just a waste of time. He begins teaching when he eventually finds his original idea and wins a Nobel Prize in 1994. Then, he is recognized for being one of the best mathematicians in the world. John Nash attains his goal to find an original idea which was about competition. He went to a bar with his friends and in that bar, there is a blonde girl who all of his friends, including himself are attracted to and then he realizes a theory of competition and he explains it in mathematics. He realizes that none of the guys will get to be with the blonde girl and then after this happens, all the guys will go after her friends, and them too will turn all of them down, and so he realizes that none of the guys will get what they want. Statistics show that 1%, or about 2.2 millions Americans ages 18 or older will develop schizophrenia. The most common symptoms of Schizophrenia can be grouped into thre... ...ke care and be with her husband, but that was it. Also, the movie did not show anything about his family. There was not information about his parents and how they felt about him and/or his disease; his brothers and/or sisters' feelings towards him and/or his illness. In conclusion, John Nash was a very intelligent man not only because he was an excellent mathematician, but because he learned to cope with his disease and live a regular life. It was great that he won the Nobel Prize in 1994 because he deserved it for a lot of reasons. It was also nice that his wife did not give up on him and that she got to teach him what love is and that love is very important to one's life as he said in his acceptance speech when he received the Nobel Prize. Work Cited Page www.Webmd.com. "Schizophrenia." www.about.com. Encarta Encyclopedia. "Schizophrenia."

Insert Surname Here

A musician is an individual who writes down or conducts music as an occupation. In addiction, a musician can be described as an artist who plays a musical tool as a vocation. Musicians can be categorized through their functions during performing or producing music.For instance, a singer or a vocalist makes use of her/his own voice as a tool, an instrumentalist occupies himself/herself with a musical tool, a recording musician produces a documented music, like MP3 folders and CDs, a conductor guides a musical group while a songwriter, composer and an arranger produces songs, melodic pieces of music as well as arrangements which are able to be transcribed into music notation, documented or performed. (Pitts 19)In ancient time, being a musician was assigned to individuals who learned music for a number of years. Once they had perfected their tool, supposition as well as comprehended the music notions, they would labor through commission as musicians.For instance, within Western music th is would be accomplished through working for places of worship, courts as well as off a commission from individuals who desired to hire a musician to produce or for concert. Starting the mid 1800s, the thought of being a musician was not focused to these specific regions of composition and presentation.Musicians started to grow to be more self-reliant with concerts on diverse stages as well as more independence to work as writers, artists as well as entertainers in their own manner. Nowadays, music has developed into numerous vocation fields, all of which include an amalgamation of compositions, concerts, working and recording in diverse music areas, either via other units or as an autonomous artist.For this to be achieved in today’s time, the musician has to be passionate. The following description shows what it means to be passionately engrossed in something, activity of a musician as well as how a musician is different from somebody who simply enjoys listening to music. (P itts 20)Musicians require to have the drive and passion to devote a large fraction of their lives to doing practice, taking part in shows as well as doing promotions. A musician’s passion is his/her music. It takes an individual endurance, talent as well as practice to become passionately involved in music.A musician differs from a person who merely listens to music in that a musician has a passion for his music, is dedicated and knows the message he wants to sent to his/her audience whereas the listener does not have such dedication not to forget that most listeners simply listen to the music without familiarizing themselves with the composer’s message. Essentially, most listeners simply enjoy the beats/tunes whereas the musician enjoys both the tunes as well as his /her choice of words. (Pitts 34)Being a musician takes more than just enthusiasm and beginning to play an instrument. Being acquainted with what is entailed to turn out to be a competent musician can aid a n individual to work in this profession as a complete vocation, whilst letting an individual to move toward being a musician in the right manner.An individual who has the musical abilities essential to play one or more tools might have the yearning to grow to be a professional musician or toil within an associated field. The following are the activities professional musician engages in an effort to achieve his /her objective and as a result make a contented living. (Pitts 34)One of the most vital issues to think about when going into whichever musical field is for the musician to find out if there is a necessity for the service that he is offering. Whatever the musician tries has to be profitable in order to make earnings. The musician performs by offering entertainment, and is given cash in exchange for his/her services. He/she turns out to be successful through performing regulary. (Pitts 62)The musician’s market comprises a grouping of citizens, or organization that needs the particular service i.e. music. Therefore, one of the activities of the musician is to market that product i.e. his music by merely getting it ready and making it accessible to the customer.For instance, a rock and roll association requires rock gangs whereas a Las Vegas band requires members who produce to have style. Essentially, the musician should be determined to accomplish what it takes to entertain his customer’s and be a success.

Mona Lisa Paper

Is It Her Twin or Sister? An art collector in 1913 made a discovery that has baffled many historians for some time now. Huge Blaker, an English art collector found the Isleworth Mona Lisa shortly before World War I. The Isleworth Mona Lisa is a painting of, what looks to be, a young Mona Lisa. This painting has been identified as a Leonardo da Vinci painting, but some historians believe that this cannot be true. With some differences in the paintings they believe it may have been another small artist at the time trying to copy da Vinci.The Isleworth painting is seemed to be with an international consortium while the original painting is kept in Paris' Louvre Museum. The famous woman is this picture is Lisa del Giocondo. Lisa was from Florence and Tuscany, Italy. She married a cloth and silk merchant in her teenage years. Lisa was born in Florence on June 15th, 1479, many think that she was born on a rural property that is though to have been owned by the family. Lisa had five childre n with the merchant named Piero, Camilla, Andrea, Giocondo, and Marietta.Lisa's husband, Francesco di Bartilomeo di Zanobi del Giocondo, increased her social status because he was from a middle class family, while Lisa was from a lower class with no dowry from her family. Francesco was an art lover and commissioned da Vinci for a portrait of his wife. â€Å"He is thought to have commissioned Lisa's portrait to celebrate bother Andrea del Sarto's birth and the purchase of the family's home. † (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo#Mona_Lisa) In the painting in the Louvre, Lisa is â€Å"portrayed as a faithful wife through gesture-her right hand rests over her left. † (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/Lisa_del_Giocondo#Mona_Lisa) Da Vinci also represented Lisa in high fashion with dark clothing that would have come from Spain. This would have not represented Lisa in her family because she would not have been able to afford these type of clothing with her family's income. Many historians have said that Lisa is wearing dark clothes because she would be mourning the death of her first daughter, which, in many ways, is wrong. The painting took da Vinci some time to finish because he received money for the painting The Battle of Anghian, which was offering more money than the portrait of Lisa.Some historians have guessed when da Vinci finished the painting because he carried it around with him through-out his later life in France. The guesstimate is around 1516 is when da Vinci finally finished the Mona Lisa. The Isleworth Mona Lisa is what seems to be a younger Lisa, but because we do not have actual proof, that is only an assumption. Historians cannot give an exact date as to which this painting was started or even finished because they found the painting in was found with a noble family.After Blaker purchased the painting it was moved to Isleworth, England, where the name came from. Whilst the first World War was going on, the Isleworth paint ing was moved to America for preserving. â€Å"The Portrait eventually made its way back to Europe, where is was analyzed in Italy before being sent to the Swiss bank vault for safekeeping. † (http://abcnews. go. com/blogs/headlines/2012/09/second-mona-lisa-unveiled-for-first-time-in-40-years/) Since that time period the Mona Lisa Foundation has worked on the painting to prove it's authenticity and if da Vinci really painted this portrait. pic] The differences between these two paintings are not significant ones, but they are big enough that some may believe that this cannot be a true da Vinci painting. The Isleworth is painted on canvas while the Louvre Mona Lisa was painted on wood. The Isleworth also has a very plain background and columns on either side of the figure, but the Louvre painting seems to be the same background with a lot more details included and no columns. The sizes of these two painting also is making historians scratch their heads because the Louvre paint ing is narrower. pic] However there are eerily many similarities between the two paintings that have made historians and scientists believe that it had to have been painted by the same person. â€Å"It strikes us that in order for that to be so accurate, so meticulously exact, only the person who did one did the other†¦ † said art historian and Mona Lisa Foundation member Stanley Feldman. (http://abcnews. go. com/blogs/headlines/2012/09/second-mona-lisa-unveiled-for-first-time-in-40-years/) The clothing in the two paintings seems to be of the same high Spanish fashion.The pose shows that Lisa was a loyal wife with her left hand over her right, this pose is that same in both paintings. It took art historians 35 years to conclude their tests on both Mona Lisa paintings. The Mona Lisa Foundation performed many experiments comparing the two. First the foundation placed the painting side by side and found that Lisa in the Isleworth painting is smaller than she is in the Louvr e painting. â€Å"The simple graphic illustrations demonstrate that the figure in the ‘Louvre Version' is approximately 10% larger than the figure in the ‘Earlier Version'† (http://monalisa. rg/2012/09/10/leonardos-hidden-technique/) The features of Lisa in both of these paintings are exactly the same; with same positions that are perfectly aligned. â€Å"They are dramatically different compositions, and the technique of proportion and related geometric measurements employed, points to the two portraits having been painted by the same artist; someone intimately familiar with both, and who had the intention to create two different paintings of the same subject†(http://monalisa. org/2012/09/10/leonardos-hidden-technique/)With these two paintings being so eerily similar, but also having some obvious differences, art historians have drooled over these two paintings. The general population knowing the famous Mona Lisa painting in the Louvre, but not knowing unti l this year that there was another painting of Lisa del Giocondo, and earlier painting. Some historians believe that this paint could not have been done by the famous da Vinci because there were so many copies of the original Mona Lisa, but without doubt that Mona Lisa Foundation has proven them wrong. Over 35 years of test have proven them that both paintings were actually done by da Vinci.

PSYC110 week 5 written assignment Essays - Human Behavior

PSYC110 week 5 written assignment Essays - Human Behavior PSYC110 week 5 written assignment D01670103 PSYC110 week 5 written assignment Sensation seeking a personality trait associated with a preference for high levels of sensory stimulation, often achieved by engaging in risk-taking behaviors and adopting non-conventional lifestyles. I somehow feel that Im in a balance for sensation seeking. Sometimes I do feel like to do things that are out of my capability simply just to try out where my limits are. I used to hate smokers but I wanted to try it out myself so I started smoking and now I am a smoker, which I see it as a disadvantage because smoking is bad for health but I do enjoy the process of smoking. Back in my home country, people see others as a bad person when he or she has piercing and tattoo, but my point of view is not necessarily every person with a tattoo or piercing is bad people who commit crimes. I personally think that Im a good person and I do have tattoos and piercing, which does not mean that I am a bad person. Certain people achieve more in their lives than others, often because they are more driven to seek out accomplishments. These differences in the internal desire to achieve things is what the Achievement Motivation Theory attempts to explain. In other words, the theory outlines the internal processes within human beings that can explain why certain people are extremely driven to achieve while others are motivated by other things. When I was studying in Malaysia, the disadvantage of achievement motivation would be not getting to know each other as individuals and lacking the feeling for my classmates and my achievement motivation would be competiveness. Asian education system is very stressful compare to the US. I know that because I am one of the Asians who get good grades studying in the US but failing in most of my subjects in Malaysia and barely even passed my high-school diploma. The advantages for me would be when studying in a less stressful environment I will get better grades, but in my situation the disadvantages would be studying abroad where I have to leave my family and friends for some time. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of these broad dispositions. Unlike many other theories of personality, such as psychoanalytic or humanistic theories, the trait approach to personality is focused on differences between individuals. It is good for me to take a look at what was passed down to me from my father and mother as well as my grandparents. These are some of the things that make me who I am as an individual and as a man. When I look at myself as a whole I do understand who I am as well as where I from. For example, my parents thought me to be a good person, when I was a kid they often bring me out to do volunteer work to help out in orphanage and old folks home so I followed their footsteps and form a charity club in Malaysia wor king together with the Lions Club in Malaysia, gathered a large group of youth and spread the spirit around to continue helping those in need. When reading about the Trait Theory most people become dominating out of insecurity, or a fear of being weak. I've often heard children say that they "can't wait until they bare grown up, and then they can tell people what to do." It's a childish trait, so it makes sense that this desire would stem from childhood. Again, when reading

7 Forms of Emphasis in Writing

7 Forms of Emphasis in Writing 7 Forms of Emphasis in Writing 7 Forms of Emphasis in Writing By Mark Nichol At least seven strategies for calling attention to one or more words exist, but few of them are appropriate for a document that one wishes to consider professional looking. The purposes and relative merits of various approaches are discussed below. 1. All-Caps Styling a word, phrase, or sentence entirely in uppercase letters has limited utility: All-caps are employed either to represent speaking at a high volume (therefore, people who use all-caps in email or to comment on online content are often facetiously admonished to stop shouting) or to identify text on signage or in a notice. Assiduously avoid the style, otherwise; reading all-caps is fatiguing to the eye because readers are not used to recognizing so many capital letters in succession. 2. Boldface/Asterisks Boldface is often used for display copy (headings, subheadings, and other text other than the running text, or default wording in a piece of content); another use is to highlight introduced terms that may be defined within the text or in footnotes or a separate glossary. Some writers frame a word or phrase in asterisks to replace the boldface style; notice that in Microsoft Word, doing so will cause the enclosed text to convert to boldface. Avoid boldface for other emphatic uses. 3. Italics/Underscore Italics is the most frequently used type format to indicate emphasis. It is employed for foreign words and phrases that have not been adopted into English, for titles of compositions such as films and books, to represent emphatic speech (for example, in â€Å"You’re not really going to tell her, are you?†), or to refer to a word as a word (for example, â€Å"Define hubris†). The low-tech variation is to frame a word or phrase between underscores (_), but doing so in Microsoft Word will convert the text to italics. 4. Different Point Size Text can be rendered in a larger (or smaller) point size than surrounding text to make a point, but this not recommended for most publications or documents; exceptions include advertising, lighthearted or whimsical content, or children’s books. (One can, for example, emphasize the distinction in volume between a giant or a miniature being and a normal-sized person by increasing or decreasing the size of the type used to indicate the unusually sized person’s speech.) Exceptions include footnotes, captions, and other supporting text. 5. Quotation Marks Quotation marks are often used to bracket a word or phrase used facetiously or ironically, or to represent the writer’s skepticism or a mocking tone (for example, â€Å"The hotel’s ‘luxury’ suite was nearly indistinguishable from any ordinary accommodations†). Overuse of scare quotes, however, is distracting. Quotation marks are often mistakenly employed when something is being identified or introduced. (For example, no quotation marks are required around the phrase â€Å"Richter scale† in the sentence â€Å"The measurement system, called the ‘Richter scale,’ is algorithmic.†) They do, however, take the place of italics in referring to a term as a term when the term consists of more than one word (or to enclose a single word used as a word when italics are not available to or are not used by a publication), as in â€Å"The phrase ‘eminent domain’ has a specific legal definition.† The similarity of purpose here is likely the cause of confusion. 6. Small Caps Small caps are uppercase letters that are equal in height to lowercase letters; in this style, capital letters are usually represented by full-size uppercase letters. Sometimes, the first phrase or line of the first sentence of a chapter or a section of type is styled in small caps for emphasis, and small caps are occasionally employed in place of all-caps, boldface, or italics to provide distinction. 7. Underlining Underlining for emphasis has largely been supplanted by italics. It is now rarely used outside of instructional text to indicate blank spaces to be filled in. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyThe Six Spellings of "Long E"The Difference Between "Phonics" and "Phonetics"

Analysis Of The Movie Blade Runner Film Studies Essay

Analysis Of The Movie Blade Runner Film Studies Essay The Blade Runner is a science fiction movie that was directed by Ridley Scott in 1982. The movie was written by David Peoples and Hampton Fancher, and was based on Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?† a novel that was authored by Philip K. Dick. The film depicts a 2019 dystopian Los Angeles, a period that is characterized by the construction of genetically modified organic robots that are referred to as â€Å"replicants.† Tyrell manufactured the robots and other big corporations around the world were physically indistinguishable from adult human beings. The replicants are banned and are only used for menial and dangerous works in the off-world colonies. Special police operatives referred to as â€Å"Blade Runners† hunt down the replicants who defy the ban. The film rapidly became a typical sect, with a great following of devoted fans (Hills, 2005). However, as with all sect classics, the movie has had countless critics, and the majority of these critics have gen erated incredibly similar criticism of the movie. They dismissed it as a good-loooking movie formed on the flimsiest of tales, a conquest of creation plan over substance. This statement even though incredibly vital and intrepid is not wholly without matter, with lots of plot turns and variations in the course, the themes are time and again difficult to track, as is the character conversation and the universal run of the plot which can irritate a lot of people and as a result, result in such awful critisism. When talking about this statement, one must assess a number of main scenes in the movie itself, make an analysis of both the story creation design and its content, and form a close reference to both. The first scene of key significance to both the story and the creation design is the prospect in which the observer first gets to know about Racheal. One gets to know about Rachael in the narrative as a Tyrell’s secretary, and a new outline of replicant, which is more or less human. However, she afterward becomes deckards love concern, which is relatively a satirical concurrence due to the reality that it is deckards occupation as a blade runner to execute replicants. Nevertheless the conversation is complex, and presumes too much of the watcher, in the logic, that it presumed that the watcher identifies more with the new globe than is told in actual facts.What is relatively astonishing, are the visuals in this scene which arrest the eye of the watcher easily. There is filming of the movie is done from a distant end of the room, in the evening. This looks out of the base to the ceiling removable window, of more or less prehistoric looking scenery, with pyramids and other prehistoric kind of buildings. The room itself has a distinct sentiment of the Mediterranean. It is in complete dissimilarity to the feeling of architecture of the movie, which has typically been that of grey dull buildings and dark uninviting streets. This is used to indicate the tremen dous disparity in riches amid tyrell, and the rest of the globe. This scene is occupied with classic narrative, although it is frequently difficult to understand the knowledge that is expected by the watcher. The visuals of the scene are exceptional, it is a good-looking backdrop and a visually striking scene, which as well distracts the sight from the character conversation, and creates difficulty to understand the slight scheme particulars in the scene (Sammon & Paul, 1997). In general, this scene is geared in the direction of the creation design side of the movie, and needs to utilize extra time on the story side.

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Essay - 7

In finance, risk is best judged in a portfolio context. Is this true Why - Essay Example This paper takes an argument to prove that individual stock cannot allow investors to help judging the overall risk associated with investment on shares. A critical criticism context will also be introduced in the paper later on to justify the argument regarding risk being judged better in a portfolio of stocks. It will not be incorrect to state that investors of stock market are directly associated with the risk which is not avoidable. These risks can be variable in types such as short-term risk or portfolio risk. For the focus of this paper, portfolio risk is being discussed in a contextual manner. It should be noted that portfolio risk is relatively low in accordance to the movements within the stock market. Herein, the process or concept of aggregation is considered for calculating risk associated with an asset or for valuing a company. It is due to this reason that individual investors are suggested to manage their portfolio risk because their individual transactions are aggregated. This denotes that investors tend to diversify their assets in order to judge the risk of security (Brealey, et al., 2010). It is not being proven here that by taking an aggregate of the risk of in a portfolio can eliminate risk. Portfolio of stock allows the investors to understand the associated risk in accordance of variation in all levels of the market. There is an underlying condition associated with portfolio risk. As a matter of fact, risk can be best judged in a portfolio context, as diversified stocks can have reduced risk. The underlying condition is that the return which is received by the investors is less than one. In this case, it is stated that diversification will remain beneficial or the investors (Brealey, et al., 2010). Risk or systematic risk is interlinked with the changes that may occur in the market. The risk is

Himan Rights Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Himan Rights Law - Coursework Example It is evident from the study that people in the United Kingdom have enjoyed a lot of individual freedoms and liberties which usually fall into conflict with so many other laws. Consequently, the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) was drafted in 1950,to integrate these liberties. However, it was not until the year 2000 that the convention rights were adopted in the United Kingdom through the Human Rights Act. In order to use the convention rights, one had to take a case to the European Courts on Human Rights in Strasbourg. This was extremely expensive to citizens and was also extremely time-consuming. The 1997 white paper â€Å"Rights Brought Home† rightly states that: It takes on average five years, to bring a case into the European Court of Human Rights once all domestic remedies have been exhausted; and it costs an average of  £30,000. Bringing these rights home will mean that the British people will be able to fight for their rights in the British courts – without this undue delay and expense. One of the most critical functions is to ensure that, at all times, there is compatibility with the laws as stipulated by the Convention Rights. The Act gives individuals a complete description and summary of the freedoms and liberties that they are supposed to enjoy as citizens. It ensures that everyone’s rights are respected also, just as ECHR does. The Act also goes ahead do state that rights come with responsibility too. This means that there are cases and situations when these rights may need to be limited, such cases being when crime and public health need to be addressed. Apart from protecting the rights of individuals, the Human Rights Act also requires courts of law to obey the laws that Parliament passes. Courts are only allowed to interpret the laws as is, without altering them in any way whatsoever. Nevertheless, the Act allows higher courts the power to determine that a given order cannot be put into use for the sole reason t hat the law contravenes the rights described in the Convention. When this happens, congress is required to amend the various section of that law before it is set to use again6. Since the Human Rights Act was enacted, courts are now obliged to look at The Convention Rights at all times when deciding how cases should go. This is a tremendouslylarge shift from the way things used to be before. Convention rights were looked at only when the UK laws were not clear. Part 2: How does the HRA work? The Act requires all courts and tribunals to interpret laws and effectively put them into use in ways that are compatible to the Convention rights. Rightly so, when this is impossible, a court may revoke or, subordinate legislation or, if it is a higher court, make a declaration of incompatibility. This allows for the amendment of the law to make it in line with

Confederacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Confederacy - Essay Example When his own Vice-President, Alexander Stephens became an outspoken critic of the Davis’ war polices, newspaper editors declared Davis a despot and added to the erosion of the Confederacy from within. Food riots and the Impression Act of 1863 further alienated civilian support of Davis and his government. Southern citizens divided over the issue of his right to rule the Confederacy’s nationhood; either they believed he now held too much power and wanted more or they believed him weak and unable to govern successfully. The absence of centralized power defeated Davis’ ability to feed and clothe his armies, or gain support from European allies. The loss of Stonewall Jackson on May 2, 1863 cost the commander of the Confederate forces, General Lee his most valuable soldier, and did a great deal to decompress Confederate military moral. June of 1863 saw Vicksburg captured by Grant and allowed the Union forces to control the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, and further hurt the Southern states ability to garner support and supplies from the western states. President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address on November 17, 1863, changed the idea of Union for Union’s sake to Union for Freedom’s sake, and revitalized the northern impetuous to continue the war through to its end. Grants push southward using Sherman’s forces never retreated after 1864, and Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865, sealed the fate of the Confederacy. The collapse of the Confederacy was as inevitable as the Civil War itself. "We are not one people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people for Slavery. Between the two, conflict is inevitable." New York Tribune  publisher Horace Greeley said that about the United States in 1854 and Davis could have paraphrased it when describing the political state of the Confederacy in

Describe and evaluate a large-scale planned organisational change that Essay

Describe and evaluate a large-scale planned organisational change that had major implications for an organisation, branch, division, department, office or agenc - Essay Example management does not click with the existing workforce or does not hold any value to the employees as the existing environment is comfortable for them, they believe in the existing values and see any change as a threat. There are many times when firms give out changed or revised mission statements that look dramatic and appealing but as it is taken as threat and creates so much confusion, that the purpose of the change does not materialize, eventually the hype and excitement of such a change disappears. Bringing about a structural change is extremely time consuming, stressful and most of the times difficult to change once implemented. Once an organization changes the structure or the system new processes are made in exchange of the old ones, it is extremely difficult to the way things were. This is because of the huge amount of investments that are made to change to the workforce, the environment and the way people think in the firm. If in such a situation a firm makes a wrong decision, it will have to suffer the consequences for a long time. for example with the change in time people have started to shift from written records to completely computerized systems, if now they are asked to go back to doing manual work it will be extremely difficult for them. Corwin Corporation, previously known as Vaughn Machine Company started in American in Peabody Massachusetts during the early 1900’s. It is a company that initially dealt in automobile parts and was a huge part of the American brass automobile parts industry. After its formation, the company added many other products to its business and with time, the company’s reputation boomed due to it product quality and dedication toward customer satisfaction. Its growth has been significant and has shown results in terms of profits. By the year 1983, Corwin Corporation’s net earning was about one hundred and fifty million dollars per year. It was known internationally for its low cost rubber components of excellent

Project at Aux Bons Soins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project at Aux Bons Soins - Essay Example May be this was in response to the sentiments coming through from the finance department. But this as well drew the wrath of the end users of the new system. They were up in arms mainly due to what they termed as preoccupation with delivery time lines and technical implementation. They opined the project manager had no regard to personal considerations of the rest of the team especially the end users of the system being implemented. Several managers involved with the project felt that there was more emphasis on the speed of implementation as opposed to the nature of business processes. Some of the team members lamented that he/she was being paralyzed by the constant reporting on deliverables that the project manager was insisting on. The line managers started having second thoughts about the project thereby questioning the credibility of the IT team. This came through even as the IT team maintained that the system being implemented would revolutionize business processes and increase efficiency. These squables paralyzed the project manager and rendered him ineffective due to his inability to mobilize the team members to own the project. There had to be a change of strategy if not personalities. This was made necessary by the fact that the very people who were expected to own and drive the project had turned out to be its biggest critics. This complicated matters because they were the same people who were relied upon to deliver the new system. Their grievances may not have been very genuine but they were paralyzing the project none the less a solution therefore had to be found. From the three stories, nothing is said of the professional qualifications and experience of the first project manager. I have reason to believe that if at all he was well trained and experienced project manager, he would have been able to factor in the grievances being aired by both the users and the finance department. He may not be the one to bare the entire blame for the difficulties f aced in the project but it’s expected that having implemented other projects before; he must have come across such opposition before. He would have employed his previous experience to solve the current mess. A change in leadership of the project was necessary. Solutions A new project manager who had a vast experience in project management was brought on board. Andre Gagne has been trained as an accountant and also had a master’s degree in information technology. Those are two areas of expertise that were very vital for the project which may be the former project manager didn’t have or chose not to employ. Having managed several other systems that involved integration of business processes and information technologies not to mention the solid background in insurance industry, he was well placed for the job. Within a short time, the new project leader was able to win the confidence of team leaders and restored the credibility of the project. Some of the changes he made that eventually saw the success of the project was sharing out the work. He reorganized the team into multidisciplinary teams in charge of developing solutions for the various problems that the project was to solve. Each multidisciplinary team consisted of experts from the relevant departments, management and the IT technical team. He went on to put together an orientation meeting

Confederacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Confederacy - Essay Example When his own Vice-President, Alexander Stephens became an outspoken critic of the Davis’ war polices, newspaper editors declared Davis a despot and added to the erosion of the Confederacy from within. Food riots and the Impression Act of 1863 further alienated civilian support of Davis and his government. Southern citizens divided over the issue of his right to rule the Confederacy’s nationhood; either they believed he now held too much power and wanted more or they believed him weak and unable to govern successfully. The absence of centralized power defeated Davis’ ability to feed and clothe his armies, or gain support from European allies. The loss of Stonewall Jackson on May 2, 1863 cost the commander of the Confederate forces, General Lee his most valuable soldier, and did a great deal to decompress Confederate military moral. June of 1863 saw Vicksburg captured by Grant and allowed the Union forces to control the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, and further hurt the Southern states ability to garner support and supplies from the western states. President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address on November 17, 1863, changed the idea of Union for Union’s sake to Union for Freedom’s sake, and revitalized the northern impetuous to continue the war through to its end. Grants push southward using Sherman’s forces never retreated after 1864, and Lee’s surrender on April 9, 1865, sealed the fate of the Confederacy. The collapse of the Confederacy was as inevitable as the Civil War itself. "We are not one people. We are two peoples. We are a people for Freedom and a people for Slavery. Between the two, conflict is inevitable." New York Tribune  publisher Horace Greeley said that about the United States in 1854 and Davis could have paraphrased it when describing the political state of the Confederacy in

Project at Aux Bons Soins Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project at Aux Bons Soins - Essay Example May be this was in response to the sentiments coming through from the finance department. But this as well drew the wrath of the end users of the new system. They were up in arms mainly due to what they termed as preoccupation with delivery time lines and technical implementation. They opined the project manager had no regard to personal considerations of the rest of the team especially the end users of the system being implemented. Several managers involved with the project felt that there was more emphasis on the speed of implementation as opposed to the nature of business processes. Some of the team members lamented that he/she was being paralyzed by the constant reporting on deliverables that the project manager was insisting on. The line managers started having second thoughts about the project thereby questioning the credibility of the IT team. This came through even as the IT team maintained that the system being implemented would revolutionize business processes and increase efficiency. These squables paralyzed the project manager and rendered him ineffective due to his inability to mobilize the team members to own the project. There had to be a change of strategy if not personalities. This was made necessary by the fact that the very people who were expected to own and drive the project had turned out to be its biggest critics. This complicated matters because they were the same people who were relied upon to deliver the new system. Their grievances may not have been very genuine but they were paralyzing the project none the less a solution therefore had to be found. From the three stories, nothing is said of the professional qualifications and experience of the first project manager. I have reason to believe that if at all he was well trained and experienced project manager, he would have been able to factor in the grievances being aired by both the users and the finance department. He may not be the one to bare the entire blame for the difficulties f aced in the project but it’s expected that having implemented other projects before; he must have come across such opposition before. He would have employed his previous experience to solve the current mess. A change in leadership of the project was necessary. Solutions A new project manager who had a vast experience in project management was brought on board. Andre Gagne has been trained as an accountant and also had a master’s degree in information technology. Those are two areas of expertise that were very vital for the project which may be the former project manager didn’t have or chose not to employ. Having managed several other systems that involved integration of business processes and information technologies not to mention the solid background in insurance industry, he was well placed for the job. Within a short time, the new project leader was able to win the confidence of team leaders and restored the credibility of the project. Some of the changes he made that eventually saw the success of the project was sharing out the work. He reorganized the team into multidisciplinary teams in charge of developing solutions for the various problems that the project was to solve. Each multidisciplinary team consisted of experts from the relevant departments, management and the IT technical team. He went on to put together an orientation meeting

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Essay Example for Free

Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Essay Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus â€Å"Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.† (Association, National Center for Biotechnology Information , 2009, p. 1) â€Å"The cause of type 1 and type 2 diabetes remains a mystery. Although genetic factors may play a role†. (Association, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2010, pp. 562-569) Diabetes mellitus generally results from an insulin deficiency or resistance. Insulin transports sugar into cells for use as energy and storage as glycogen which is a carbohydrate. Insulin also stimulates protein synthesis and free fatty acid storage. Insulin deficiency or resistance compromises the bodies access to essential nutrients for fuel and storage. Several processes called pathogens(capable of causing disease) are involved in the development of diabetes. The reasons of the abnormalities in carbohydrates, fats, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on certain tissues in the body. The term Deficient insulin action, results from not enough insulin secretion and/or diminished tissue response to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action (a chemical messenger that transports a signal from one cell to another). If insulin secretion is blocked or impaired, then defects in the insulin action occur in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, the cause of the hyperglycemia. (Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 1997, pp. 107-109) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is defined as an autoimmune disorder or simply put an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells (What-is-Autoimmune-Disease). This form of diabetes is brought on by a viral infection in which certain cells are destroyed which leads to absolute (complete) insulin deficiency and is usually diagnosed in childh ood. Many pediatric patients that have diabetes normally have Type 1 diabetes and therefore a lifetime dependency on insulin. â€Å"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, an anabolic hormone.† (Diabetes-MellitusDefinition-Causes-Symptoms-and-Treatment) In contrast Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a more progressive disorder in which the glandular organ in the digestive system and endocrine system known as the pancreas makes less insulin over time. Because the body’s cells have a reduced response to insulin, symptoms arise that include poor control of liver glucose (sugar) output, a decrease in cell function, and eventually cell failure. The true cause of Type 2 diabetes is unknown; however, it usually occurs in adulthood, from heredity, excessive obesity and sedentary lifestyle. These lifestyle choices may play a major role in its development. For both types of diabetes the main feature is chronic high blood glucose (sugar) levels (Ignatavicius, 2006). Risk factors for Diabetes Mellitus include obesity, physiologic or emotional stress, which can lead to an elevation of stress hormone levels. In women sometimes pregnancy, which causes weight gain and increases levels of estrogen and placental hormones, may aggravate insulin output. There is also something called the metabolic syndrome which is a combination of medical disorders that, when occurring together, increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes. There are also some medications that can provoke the effects of insulin, including thiazide diuretics, adrenal corticosteroids, and hormonal contraceptives (Mackay, 2004). Classification of Diabetes Mellitus There are several different types of diabetes mellitus; they may differ in cause, clinical course, and treatment. The major classifications of diabetes are: * Type 1 diabetes (insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) is caused by B-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency a) Immune mediated b) Idiopathic * Type 2 diabetes (previously referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus) ranges from those with predominant insulin resistance associated with relative insulin deficiency, to those with a predominantly insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance (Alberti, 2007). Insulin is secreted by beta cells, which are one of four types of cells in the islets of Langerhans (dendritic cells = antigen-presenting immune cells) in the pancreas. Insulin is an anabolic, or storage hormone. When a person eats a meal, insulin secretion increases and moves sugar from the blood into muscle, liver, and fat cells. In those cells, insulin transports and metabolizes glucose for energy. Later it stimulates storage of sugar in the liver and muscle (in the form of glycogen). Following this it signals the liver to stop the release of glucose, then enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose which is a storage tissue. Finally it accelerates the transport of amino acids (derived from dietary protein) into the body’s cells. â€Å"Insulin also inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat. During fasting periods (between meals and overnight), the pancreas continuously releases a small amount of insulin (basal insulin); another pancreatic hormone called glucagon (secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans) is released when blood glucose levels decrease and stimulate the liver to release stored glucose. The insulin and the glucagon together maintain a constant level of glucose in the blood by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver. Initially, the liver produces glucose through the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis). Glycogen is the storage form for glucose in the liver and muscles. Glycogenolysis is the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver. After 8 to 12 hours without food, the liver forms glucose from the breakdown of non-carbohydrate substances, including amino acids (gluconeogenesis)† (Hamouda, 2012). Type 1 Diabetes Treatment and Study This form of diabetes is immune-mediated in over 90% of cases and idiopathic in less than 10%. The rate of pancreatic B cell destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals and slow in others. Type 1 diabetes is usually associated with ketosis in its untreated state. It occurs at any age but most commonly arises in children and young adults with a peak incidence before school age and again at around puberty. It is a catabolic disorder in which circulating insulin is virtually absent, plasma glucagon is elevated, and the pancreatic B cells fail to respond to all insulinogenic stimuli. Exogenous insulin is therefore required to reverse the catabolic state, prevent ketosis, reduce the hyperglucagonemia, and reduce blood glucose. Clinical manifestations of all types of diabetes include the â€Å"three Ps†: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Polyuria (increased urination) and polydipsia (increased thirst) occur as a result of the excess loss of fluid associated with osmotic diuresis. The patient also experiences polyphagia (increased appetite) resulting from the catabolic state induced by insulin deficiency and the breakdown of proteins and fats. Other symptoms include fatigue and weakness, sudden vision changes, tingling or numbness in hands or feet, dry skin, skin lesions or wounds that are slow to heal, and recurrent infections (Hamouda, 2012, p. para. 8). The onset of type 1 Diabetes may also be associated with sudden weight loss or nausea, vomiting, or abdominal pains. (Association, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2010) In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the impact of diabetes mellitus on the central nervous system (Lukovits TG, 1999).Clinically and epidemiologically, it has been shown that diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cerebrovascular accidents (Kannel WB, 1979), and may underlie many of the neuropsychological and cognitive deficits observed in diabetic patients (CM, 1988). Few studies have sought to establish the pathophysiological mechanisms that occur before these deficits appear, with a view to detecting early subclinical abnormalities that could serve as markers of the risk for stroke in patients who might benefit from preventive treatment. The study I read was performed in 15 insulin-dependent diabetics (eight men and seven women) with no history of central neurological symptoms. Their ages ranged from 27 to 59 years (mean 46 ±8 years) and the mean time since diagnosis of diabetes mellitus was 19 ±6 years. The characteristics of the patients are given in the Table below. The study was been reviewed by the hospitals ethics clinical committee, and before being enrolled each patient gave written informed consent. Characteristics of study subjects No. 15 Gender (M/F) 8/7 Age (years) 46 ±8 Arterial hypertension (yes/no) 5/12 Total cholesterol (mg/dl) 214 ±49 Time from diagnosis of IDDM (years) 19 ±6 Hemoglobin A1C (%) 8.19 ±0.8 Diabetic nephropathy (no/micro/macro albuminuria) 10/1/4 Diabetic retinopathy (yes/no) 7/8 Diabetic neuropathy (yes/no) 7/8 IDDM, Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus The study dealt with the Cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) which is the capacity of cerebral arteries and arterioles to dilate, thus increasing blood flow in areas of decreased perfusion pressure (WJ, 1991). It is one of the first mechanisms of the brain to be activated in cases of hemodynamic compromise and is an early indicator of its existence (Baron JC, 1981). The chemical Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, induces dilatation of the cerebral microvasculature and has been widely used in assessing CVR in large series of patients with different cerebrovascular disorders. (Julio F. Jimà ©nez-Bonilla, 2001). The study concluded that Insulin-dependent diabetic patients with no clinical history of neurological disorders present baseline abnormalities in cerebral perfusion and a decrease in CVR in extensive areas of the brain. The decrease in CVR and the behavior of baseline subclinical abnormalities after administration of acetazolamide suggested the existence of chronic cerebrovascular disease, the severity of which varied between patients and was better assessed with this technique than with baseline SPET (PET scan). In addition, the introduction of acetazolamide made it possible to classify baseline irregularities as being of probable metabolic origin or of probable ischemic origin. They concluded that the post-acetazolamide brain SPET is a valid tool which, in comparison with baseline SPET, provided additional information on cerebral perfusion in insulin-dependent diabetes. The technique should prove useful in evaluating future preventive strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of complications in diabetics. (Julio F. Jimà ©nez-Bonilla, 2001) The main goal of diabetes treatment is to normalize insulin activity and blood glucose levels to reduce the development of vascular and neuropathic complications. Insulin is indicated for type 1 diabetes as well as for type 2 diabetic patients with insulin openia whose hyperglycemia does not respond to diet therapy either alone or combined with other hypoglycemic drugs. The therapeutic goal for diabetes management is to achieve normal blood glucose levels (euglycemia) without hypoglycemia and without seriously disrupting the patient’s usual lifestyle and activity. There are five components of diabetes management †¢ Nutritional management – teaching the patient to eat properly and manage their diet accordingly. †¢ Exercise †¢ Monitoring – Use of a glucose meter and watching their numbers. †¢ Pharmacologic therapy – medicines that help level off sugars in their system. †¢ Education – finding out all the information they can about the disease so they will be informed as to the preventative measures taken to lead a more normal life. Bibliography Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. (1997). Diabetes Care, 20:1183-97. CITATIONS AND CLINICIANS NOTES: ETIOLOGY, PREDICTION, AND INCIDENCE OF DIABETES. (2005). Current Medical Literature: Diabetes, 22(2), 32-33. Alberti, K. M. (2007). International Diabetes Federation: a consensus on Type 2 diabetes prevention. Diabetic Medicine, 24(5), 451-463. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02157.x. Association, A. D. (2009, January). National Center for Biotechnology Information . Retrieved from PMC US National Library of Medicine : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2613584/ Association, A. D. (2010, January). Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care, pp. 562-569. Baron JC, B. M. (1981). Reversal of focal â€Å"misery-perfusion syndrome† by extra-intracranial arterial bypass in hemodynamic cerebral ischemia. A case study. Stroke, 12: 454-459. CM, R. (1988). Neurobehavioral complications of type I diabetes. Examination of possible risk factors. Diabetes Care, 11: 499-505. Diabetes-MellitusDefinition-Causes-Symptoms-and-Treatment. (n.d.). Retrieved 12 15, 2012, from www.healthguidance.org: http://www.healthguidance.org/entry/7366/1/Diabetes-MellitusDefinition-Causes-Symptoms-and-Treatment.html Hamouda, M. (2012, May 24).

Barclays Bank Total Quality Management (TQM)

Barclays Bank Total Quality Management (TQM) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Banks believe that they are in the finance industry, and not in the service industry. Thus they tend to compete in terms of financial prowess rather than service quality. People, resources, time, and systems are devoted more to managing assets and cash rather than managing customers and service. In fact most bank systems are designed to control customers rather than satisfy customers. Products and procedures are set up for the convenience of the bank rather than that of the customer. Banks usually give customer service and satisfaction very low priority. (Rene T. Domingo) The lifeblood of any business is its customers. Customers decide sales based on their perception of product and service quality. Therefore, quality determines profits, and customers alone define and determine what that quality is and should be. Introduction This study will limit itself to the assessment of operations department at Barclays Bank PLC. Information provided is strictly confidential and for the only purpose of this study. 1.0 Introducing Barclays Bank PLC ‘Our strategy is to increase the growth potential of Barclays by continuing to diversify our business by customer, product and geography. John Varley, Group Chief Executive, Barclays Group With over three hundred years of history and know-how in banking, Barclays operates in more than sixty countries and employs one hundred and thirty five thousand people. Barclays progresses, lends, invests and protects the money of over thirty million customers around the world. Barclays Bank Plc, Mauritius with its ninety years of presence in the country, has built itself a very solid reputation. As a branch of Barclays Plc (UK) operating in Mauritius, the bank caters for the domestic and international divisions of the financial sectors. As a fast growing multi-national bank with approximately one thousand two hundred employees, Barclays Bank, Mauritius offer a wide range of services for individual as well as corporate customers. Barclays Mauritius has reported outstanding results for the Year 2010 with a profit after tax increasing by 119% to reach Mur 2.38bn. This includes a one-off gain of Rs 1.33bn from the sale of the custody business to Standard Chartered Bank. As a result, income has increased by 33 % with Mur 4.8bn. The Operation Strategy 1.1 The Operation Strategy in Mauritius The operations area is the driving engine of the bank with a headcount of 450 employees split into the Consumer and Commercial Operations. These two streams will have greater and clearer focus to the business functions to which they provide support. The operations function is headed by the Chief Operating Officer assisted by managers and team leaders from each section. The Operation Function chart 1.2 Purpose of the Project Barclays Bank Plc have to maintain image, reputation, and credibility in order to do their job as custodians of other peoples money. But over the years, the complex systems and bureaucracy were set up and added in the name of control while sacrificing and neglecting customer service in the process. The management is concerned with profitability, growth and resource generation. But only a few inspectors are responsible for checking product quality. If one looks at the concept of Quality and its progress over the years carefully, it is evident that Quality has always been an important element for the success of any organization. pay much attention to the plight of their clients before, during, and after sales. The bank is considering implementing a quality system that conforms to ISO standards. Total Quality Management (TQM), which is about total customer service and continuous customer satisfaction, is applicable not only in the manufacturing industry but in the service sector as well, where the customer is just as important. In fact, customers in the service industry are more sensitive to service quality and service delivery than in manufacturing because they are always in contact with front-line service personnel. Starting a total quality management (TQM) programme will upgrade and improve professional skills of the employees and the proposed programmes will also emphasise the need of excellence in all spheres of management. For design, development and implementation of a QMS, the ISO 9000 approach is completely compatible with the total quality philosophy. ISO system is about standardizing the approach organizations everywhere take in managing and improving the processes that ultimately result in producing better quality products and services. The quality management system is often implemented all at once throughout the organization. Where phased implementation takes place, the effectiveness of the system in selected areas can be evaluated. It would be a good idea initially to evaluate areas where the chances of a positive evaluation are high, to maintain the confidence of both management and staff in the merits of implementing the quality management system. According to initial plans, the proposed training programme will have two stages. The first phase will be implemented in the Commercial operations department. In the next phase, TQM will be applied across all departments across the bank. The process for implementation of a quality management system depends on the size of the organization and complexity of the actual process. Lets have a look at these in our next chapter. Current Situation 2.1 Literature review Supplier quality management is an important aspect of TQM since materials and purchased parts are often a major source of quality problems (Zhang et al., 2000). Many authors advocate that companies must establish supply chain partnerships to motivate suppliers to provide materials needed to meet customer expectations (Harrison et al., 1996; Kumar, 1996; Lambert et al., 1996; Clifton, 2001; Jabnoun, 2000; Thakur, 2002). The quality gurus believe that supplier should be  viewed as an integral part of the organizations business operations (Ishikawa, 1985; Deming,  1986; Crosby, 1989). 2.2 Definitions of Quality Total Quality Management (TQM) is defined as a quality-centered, customer-focused, fact-based, team-driven, senior-management-led process to achieve an organizations strategic imperative through continuous process improvement. The Oxford American dictionary defines Quality as â€Å"A degree or level of excellence†. Feigenbaum, 1983, defines quality as: â€Å"Quality is defined as being about value†. According to Juran, 1989, â€Å"Quality is fitness for use†. The word total in TQM means that everyone in the organization must be involved in the continuous improvement effort, the word quality shows a concern for customer satisfaction, and the word management refers to the people and processes needed to achieve the quality. 2.3 Tools and techniques to depict current situation All departments within the Commercial Operation Functions are linked to each other with the same aim to meet business strategies. However there are no clear interactions and synergies present between them which will make all department functions effectively. The service level between each department is low as there is great competition to perform better than the other. 2.3.1 Flow Chart Figure 3 below, depicts the current situation in the Commercial Operation department. List of tasks to be performed by: 1) Operators: record all incoming and outgoing instructions Operators may liaise with external customer by face to face telephone, emails or signed fax, Nature of instructions/queries by telephone statements, transfers, debit or credit advises, swift copies, queries on cheques/interest/charges acknowledgement of instruction form client either by fax/mail/diskette for salary transfers/or original documents being submitted personally by client Nature of instructions by fax/mail new account opening, change in authorized signatories, transfers, payments of bills or import loans, salaries, request of statement/advices/swift copies, complaints/, of letters of credit/bills/import loan accounts, access to internet banking, Liaise with internal customers like the Consumer Operations department in order to respond to clients queries 2) Team leader: verifies/sample checks whether all incoming and outgoing instructions are logged properly after instructions signed by relationship managers send all instructions to be processed to concerned department Does sample checks whether operators performing jobs as required 3) Line manager: liaises with other departments to help improve quality of service/ attend queries/complaints when same are of high priority and if involves loss to the bank No wonder staffs do not pay attention to customer service since it does not affect their performance evaluation. Most banks do not have a system to handle errors or customer complaints. Few banks realizes that if they continuously cut all processing times, it becomes a WIN-WIN situation customers are happier, and the banks make more money. 2.3.2 The current work flow process is being described in below chart: Our main concern is that the quality of service has decreased to such an extent that we are not able to retain the existing customers. We have to accept that all banks are able to provide the same products but what differentiates one bank from another is its quality of service. Our ultimate goal is providing customer satisfaction. 2.3.3 Ishikawa (Fishbone) Diagram The Fishbone/cause and effect diagram is an analysis tool to display possible causes of a specific problem. Its major benefits is that it pushes you to consider all possible causes of the problem in a structured and uncomplicated manner. Using Ishikawa (Fishbone) diagram, we will be able to identify the reasons why customer service has declined and as such identify remedies. It also helps in indicating how much we know about the process. Poor technology compared To other banks Internal environment (stress, high processing time)Poor communication) Ignorance of staff External On how to make full Environment (highly Utilization of existingvolatile and risky laws and risky technologyindustry, law and legislation) Currently nobody opinion is Bureaucracy 2.4 Implementation of a Quality System There are several approaches that can be used to implement a quality system, like Juran 10 Points for Quality improvement, Crosbys 14 Steps for Quality Improvement, and many others. However for this study, we are going to implement W.E Demings 14 Points for quality improvement. W.E Deming is one of the most famous gurus in quality implementation. He is generally credited with the post-war introduction of quality concepts in Japan. According to Deming : â€Å"The consumer is the most important part of the production line. Quality should be aimed at the needs of the consumer, present and future†. According to Deming, adoption and implementation of his 14 points would be a a sign that management intends to stay in business and aims to protect investors and jobs. Below are the 14 points of W.E Deming and how their application would increase quality and customer satisfaction: 1) Create constancy of Purpose for continual improvement of product and service Management should accept this as number one priority. Resources have to be allocated for long term planning rather than short-term profits. Investment in quality and innovation will ensure existence and competitiveness of the company. Top management should motivate employees and communicate clear policies. For the purpose of this study, implementation of point one will help to remove stress and hence providing a friendly environment to work with. Commitment form top management to invest in innovation and allocate resources for long run will ensure the people (employees and external customers) that the organization is planning to remain in business for the very long run. Innovation will help the bank increase its technology or product/service quality that will help it gain competitive edge over its competitors. This will also help to decrease the gap in technology with other banks. 2) Learn and Adopt the new Philosophy. A change is necessary in the old management methods. Organisations need to understand that higher quality cost less. However change cannot happen overnight. There should be a constant movement towards the new philosophy. First we have to analyse the existing system (as described in figure 2 chart 1 above) and the damaged caused by the current system should be appreciated by everybody (cause and effect diagram). Managers have to admit that they should be more present in day to day business, rather than just delegation work on the operation side. The organization should concentrate on defect prevention rather than defect detection. One dissatisfied customer is equivalent to a lost customer. Defect prevention will help improve process, quality and productivity as each instruction/document returned causes a delay and decrease quality. Top management should make each and every staff aware the benefits the organisation expects to realize through quality management system. The above flowchart (chart 1) can also be called a value chain, and if everybody in the value chain looks for defects, the flow towards the documents/instructions processing will be smooth, quick and the end result will surely meet or even exceed customers needs. 3) Understand the purpose of inspection. Management should understand that the purpose of inspection is to improve the process and reduce cost. Mass inspection is managing for failure whereas defect prevention is managing foe success. Defect prevention decreases long run costs, results in high quality products and minimizes the need for after sales service. For this statistical evidence is required. Team leader should take note about the number of failures with respect to any documents and the reasons why. With proper recognition by staff about building quality in the service or product, the number of failures should decrease and this will also lead to a decrease in number of controls and procedures over time. Use of checklist as a tool of quality control will help management to observe the common defects and how many times they occurred. By checking this on a weekly basis, management would know whether they are decreasing and what is the biggest problem. Checklist Defect type Number of defects Total Day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Fraudulent instructions 0, 0, 0 ,0,0 0 Instructions not processed 5, 6, 7, 8, 4 30 Instructions received early but process late 4 , 3, 2, 2, 1 12 Unattended complaints 10, 5, 6, 7, 9 37 Unattended queries 9, 4, 7, 9, 8 37 E.g. Management needs to make staff understand that controls are not punitive measures, but to minimize risk that pose a threat to business. 4) Stop awarding business based on low price alone. Purchasing managers should look at quality form suppliers before making any purchase. There are huge savings that can occur over the long run by purchasing quality products. As Walter Shewhart says: â€Å" Price has no meaning unless a measure of quality is purchased at the same time†. Deming advice is to choose a single supplier for each item on the basis of statistical evidence from the suppliers process feedback loop. This point refers to the technological problem in our study. The appropriate technology that matches the organisation context should have been build in-house rather than sub-contracting or buying the package from outside. This would have helped to meet the needs of the employees better and hence providing and producing quality products. Also building the technology in-house would have required employees from all department collaboration and hence almost each and every staff would have been aware of the technologies and staff would have a sense of belonging to the organization. 5) Improve constantly and forever the system of production and service. Management should take more responsibility for problems by finding and correcting them in order to decrease costs and increase quality and productivity. The focus is again on prevention rather than detection. The process of quality improvement should never stop and it should always be geared towards customers absolute satisfaction. Note that there is always variability around every target and this is why there is always a room for further improvement. Constant improvement will lead to a reduction in customers complaints. Improving quality of service will lead to increase in communication and employees opinions taken into consideration. 6) Institute training on the job. A continuous program of on the job training should be instituted and this should include managers. Investment in proper training of all new employees will ensure that the new comers will know exactly what is expecting from them. Training will help detect variation, use of statistical techniques and helps to keep up with new developments. For our purpose, training will help employees to equip with a better understanding of the job and its requirements. The worker is not just getting satisfaction but also getting an incentive to improve. Proper training will help managers address complaints themselves, help in defining roles and responsibilities and help in the integration between old workers and the new generation. 7) Adopt and institute modern methods of leadership. Management should not create a negative and fault finding environment. They should create a positive and supportive environment where workers job are recognized. For this there should be clear communications at all level. Management should ensure that immediate action is taken whenever defects are identified which compromises quality. Modern leaders should ensure that quality, productivity and performance are continually improved. Difference between old and new school of thoughts should be taken as an advantage. According to Deming, todays leaders should: Lead and motivate by example rather than fear, Teach and counsel rather than judge and supervise. Use mistakes to learn rather than to blame Understand the difference between random and special variation. Management should differentiate between variations due to outside factors (special causes) and random variation (causes are due to the process itself). Size Size Statistical Controlh Out of statistical control Promote team work and mutual trust Provide innovative methods to accomplish the improvement. 8) Drive out fear and create trust and a climate for innovation Management should encourage effective communication and teamwork. Fear is caused by lack of job security, performance appraisals, ignorance of organization goals, and not knowing the job. Fear can be eliminated through proper communication, clear definition of goals and objectives, training and supervision. Once fear eliminated, innovative ideas will crop up. Deming believes that fear makes the implementation of most of his other management points impossible. Elimination fear in the department, will lead to a less stressful environment, positive attitude towards work, opinions being voiced out, decrease the clash between old and new school of thoughts and hence leading to better quality service. Performance appraisal leads to competition, competition leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to fear. Removal of performance appraisal will lead to cooperation. 9) Break down barriers between departments and individuals. Barriers exist among levels of management, among departments and within department. It exists because of poor communication and ignorance of organizational goals. Eliminating barriers, communication channels opened and teamwork organized, competition within the company has to be replaced with cooperation. Note that point (8) and point (9) are allied and go hand in hand. By breaking down barriers, employees from different departments can meet and interact to find quality solutions. 10) Eliminate the use of slogans, Posters and exhortations for the workforce. Exhortations that ask for increased productivity without providing specific improvement methods can handicap an organization. They just express managements desires. According to Deming, people should be given the means to work smarter, not harder. This is quite common in large organizations like Barclays Bank Plc. Due to its large number of employees, management goals are communicated through emails and this is interpreted differently at different levels of the organisation. A more face to face interaction is required so that management policies are understood, friendly environment is created, proper channel of communication developed and employees have a sense of belonging to the organization goals. 11) Eliminate numerical quotas for the work force. Quotas focus on quantity rather than quality. Quotas should be replaced with statistical methods of process control. Instead of management by objective, management should learn the capabilities of the process and how to improve them. Management should stop focussing on figures and start looking at customer satisfaction. Relevant statistical data should be analysed in line with current procedures and system. We have to take into consideration that Mauritius is a small country and it is quite impossible to look for new business every year. The only way to increase sales in through competition among banks. This leads to clients advantage. Same products are offered in all banks but the only difference is the quality of service. Only by improving process and service quality will the bank remain in business for the long run. 12) Remove barriers that rob people of pride of workmanship. Ignorance of organisational goals, punitive supervision and adequate training leads to loss of pride. According to Deming, the two serious mental obstacles which prevent pride in workmanship are performance appraisal and management by objective. These two obstacle leads to internal competition and hence barriers in communication, reduces risk taking and hence decrease in innovative ideas, variability in performance leading to jealousy and fear and focuses on short term results which may prevent the organization from attaining its long term goals. Deming strongly recommends the abolition of annual merit rating because of above reasons. Performance appraisal can be replaced bay a proper leadership and communication and by a proper counselling and development procedure. This will lead to job security, teamwork, friendly environment and all employees will have a sense of belonging to the organization. 13) Encourage Education and self improvement for everyone. An organization requires people who are improving with education. Things change fast. Managers should be aware of this and be appropriately trained. Here we are referring to continual re-education and self-improvement for everyone which is quite similar with point (6). The common truth between both points is that without training there is no guarantee for innovation. Re-training leads to investment in the most important asset of the company its people. This leads to job security, increased motivation and less brain drain. 14) Take action to ensure top management permanent commitment to accomplish the transformation. The top management should demonstrate a commitment and a determination to implement a quality management system in the organization. Without top management commitment, no quality initiative can succeed. The top management should provide evidence of its commitment for e.g. by defining the organizations quality policy and make this known to every employee, ensuring that quality objectives are established at all levels and functions and ensuring the availability of resources required for the development. Management has to accept the primarily responsibility for the never ending improvement of the process. A cultural change is required. All employees should understand and be committed to the new philosophy. Deming advocates† Quality is made in the Board Room†¦.[however]†¦ limitations on quality are also made in the board Room†. 2.5 Obstacles to implementation According to Deming, there are 7 Deadly Diseases that management will face while implementing the above. Lets analyse the 7 diseases (the first seven ones below) as advocated by Deming and others that apply particularly to our case. 1. Lack of constancy of purpose. As long as the focus in on short term thinking, management will fail to plan adequately. This follows from his last point. Constancy will decrease cost, assist innovation, make employees feel secure, they know about the vision of the organisation. 2. Emphasis on short-term profits. This defeats constancy of purpose. Its easy to show short term profits by cutting expenses on training, maintenance and other long term plans. Short term profits is due to fear of takeovers, but if long term strategy/planning is forgone, surely in the long run the company will be more prone to takeovers. 3. Evaluation by performance, merit rating, or annual review of performance. All this should be stopped. The main reasons are because they create competition, fear, they are subjective, concentrate on short term profit. 4. Mobility of management/Job hopping This causes instability and destroys teamwork. 5. Running a company on visible figures alone. Figures can be manipulated. The only figures to be used are those that which represent properly selected statistical data. 6. Excessive medical costs. For our study, this can be related to additional benefits provided by the organisation to its staff. 7. Excessive costs of warranty, fuelled by lawyers who work for contingency fees. 8. Inability of management to use statistical techniques to improve productions. 9. Training once completed is not put into practice. 10. Inability to change the organisational culture and lack of planning. These are long term objectives and if management would like these to happen in the short term, then there will be complete chaos in the organisation. 11. Lack of continuous training and education. 12. Fear of change. For the TQM to succeed, we need to have a careful analysis of its failures/obstacles. But most importantly, management should educate all staff about the reasons for adapting TQM. TQM will not take place until all employees understand and are committed for its implementation Implementation In this chapter, we will have a look about the benefits TQM will have on the department and also how TQM will help in overcoming the obstacles mentioned in the previous chapter. Lets have a look at the direct benefits the department will achieve: Increased effectiveness in the use of the organizations resources to enhance customer satisfaction and improved reliability of its processes through shorter cycles time. This means that processes will be simpler, more reliable and the amount of defects will decrease. Tailor made services can be produced. Improved quality of products and services, leading to reduce in customer rejection of products/services because of poor quality. Results are more predictable. This will lead greater employee and customer satisfaction, hence higher sales and profits. Improved organizational performance and competitiveness. This will be a long term goal for the organization, whereby the organization will have a competitive edge over its competitors. Improve customer loyalty leading to repeat business. It is commonly acknowledged that a satisfied customer tells about four friends, but an unhappy customer tells about thirty people. Customer loyalty will help increase the organization reputation. Reduce or eliminate repetition of work. Responsibilities and accountabilities are clearly defined. This will decrease cost, increase efficiency and make staff performing value added jobs. Reduce management time spent on â€Å"putting out fires†. This is due that there are good controls and everybody is committed in producing quality services/products. This gives management time to focus on improving conditions of work of the staffs. Improve productivity by â€Å"doing it right the first time†. This will decrease cost of re-work, scrap and inspection. Preserve Existing Revenue and increase in revenue. Preserve revenue due to customer loyalty and having an account management team and increase in revenue due to quality products and services and having a sale management team. Staff will be motivated and will work towards the organization objectives. Workforce will be proactive and prevention oriented. Miscommunication between organizations will be minimized leading to cooperation. Establishment of trust and elimination of fear. By providing staff with the appropriate training, this will lead to greater responsibility, and this will inspire, motivate and encourage them to work smarter. This lead to creativity and innovation. Staff will be eager to participate, understand the importance of their role, identify their own constraints, accept ownership of their problems and free sharing of knowledge and experience. Use of statistical techniques will make more data available for analysis and hence leading to improvement. Also this will facilitate decision making (as the structure is well defined) and decisions are made in accordance with staff. Pay much attention to the plight of clients before, during, and after sales. Assesing root cause of complaints will help improve service in the future. Complaints and problems should be looked as an opportunity to enhance quality service and look at the root cause of problems. Other benefits that will accrue to the organization are: Wider customer acceptance of products and services (New customers require ISO compliance) Consumers are confident that they are dealing with an organisatiopn where fair treatment is central to the corporate culture Increased revenue and market share obtained through flexible and fast responses to market opportunities. Internationa